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BMS 260 Exam Review > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the mouth?

A

-Prehension
-Chewing(Mastication)
-Salivation
-Swallowing(deglutation)

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2
Q

What is at the end of the esophagus leading to the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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3
Q

How tight is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

It’s pretty loose

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4
Q

3 Main areas of the stomach

A

-Fundus
-Corpus Body
-Antrum

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5
Q

3 Main Areas of the Small Intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

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6
Q

What does the corpus body secrete?

A

-Mucus
-Pepsinogen
-HCl

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7
Q

What does the Antrum secrete?

A

-Mucus
-Pepsinogen
-Gastrin

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8
Q

What is the Gastric Pit?

A

It is the opening into the lumen/intestine from the stomach

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9
Q

What is underneath the gastric pit?

A

The mucosal layer

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10
Q

What are the 2 main components of the mucosal layer

A

-gastric glands
-lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

What are groupings of lymphoid tissue referred to as?

A

Peyer’s Patches

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12
Q

What layer is beneath the muscularis

A

submucosa

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13
Q

Smooth muscle in stomach

A

-Oblique
-Circular
-Longitudinal

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14
Q

What kind of smooth muscle is only in the stomach?

A

Oblique Smooth Muscle

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15
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The enteric nervous system is a web of neurons that branch from through the gastrointestinal system

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16
Q

Cells in Gastric pits

A

-Mucous
-Parietal(Oxynotic Cells)
-Chief
-Endochromafin
-Endocrine

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17
Q

What are Parietal Cells also known as?

A

Oxynotic Cells

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18
Q

Kinds of mucous cells

A

Neck Cells and surface cells

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19
Q

What is secreted by parietal cells?

A

HCl and Intrinsic Factor

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20
Q

What is secreted by chief cells?

A

pepsinogen

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21
Q

What do endocrine cells secrete?

A

gastrin and somatostatin

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22
Q

what doe endochromafin cells secrete?

A

hist amine

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23
Q

How is the Large intestine connected to the small intestine?

A

Through the ileum

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24
Q

What does the Large intestine have instead of tubules?

A

Crypts

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25
Q

What are the 4 components of the Large intestine?

A

-Colon
-Cecum
-Rectum
-Anal Canal

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26
Q

Where is the sublingual and what is it?

A

An accessory digestive organ that is underneath the tongue

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27
Q

Where is the submandibular and where is it?

A

It’s an accessory digestive organ that is underneath the jaw

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28
Q

What is the parotids, where is it, and what does it do?

A

The parotids is an accessory digestive organ by the ears that secrete serous

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29
Q

What accessory digestive organ is unique to ruminants?

A

inferior molars

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30
Q

Layers of the intestinal wall Descending

A

-Villi Cells
-Lymph Nodules
-muscularis mucosa
-Submucosal glands
-Submucosal plexes
-Circular smooth muscle
-mycentric plexes
-long smooth muscle

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31
Q

What are the 4 functions of saliva?

A

-Lubricates food
-Initiates small amounts of polysacchardies by amylase
-dissolves food
-antibacterial actions

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32
Q

What is the main pancreatic duct in the exocrine pancreas?

A

Wirsung Duct

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33
Q

What is the accessory duct for the exocrine pancrease?

A

Duct of Santorni

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34
Q

What component is the exit for the bile duct?

A

sphincter of oddi

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35
Q

What is the pancreas tubloalveolar gland?

A

Alveoli that are comprised of acinar cells and duct cells

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36
Q

What do acinar cells do?

A

secrete digestive enzymes

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37
Q

What do the duct cells in the tubloalveolar gland?

A

secrete bicarbonate

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38
Q

why do duct cells secrete bicarbonate?

A

To regulate a more neutral pH

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39
Q

Where are the islets of langerhans

A

in the endocrine pancreas

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40
Q

function of islets of langerhans

A

secrete insulin and glucagon from groups of pancreatic cells

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41
Q

What organ filters old red blood cells to make bilirubin?

A

The liver

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42
Q

What organ processes and stores nutrients?

A

The liver

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43
Q

What is old red blood cells processed into in the liver?

A

Bilirubin

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44
Q

What organ synthesizes plasma proteins

A

LIver

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45
Q

Plasma proteins of the liver

A

-albumin
-clotting proteins
-angiotensin
-steroid binding proteins

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46
Q

What is the main function of the hepatic portal system

A

the hepatic portal system is specialized vasaculature in the liver deisgned to deliver absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing before they enter systemic circulation

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47
Q

Where does the hepatic portal system absorb nutrients from?

A

The small intestine

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48
Q

What carries nutrients from the small intestine to the hepatic portal system

A

mesentriv veins

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49
Q

What is hepatobilary circulation

A

movement of bile acids from the liver to the SI then back to the liver

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50
Q

What are the cells of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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51
Q

How are hepatocytes organized

A

into lobules

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52
Q

Where are lobules centered around?

A

The central vein

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53
Q

where do lobules empty into

A

into the hepatic vein

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54
Q

Portal Triad:

A

-Portal Vein
-Hepatic Artery
-Bile Duct

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55
Q

What does the hepatic artery function as

A

oxygenation of the liver

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56
Q

Where is the bile canaliculi a part of?

A

The bile duct, or portal triad

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57
Q

What does the bile canaliculi function as?

A

They are bile capillaries that recieve secreted bile form hepatocytes

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58
Q

What do salivary glands secrete?

A

Mucous and serous secretions

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59
Q

What is the function of amylase

A

to break down starch

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60
Q

What do parietal cells(oxynotic cells) secrete

A

HCl and Intrinsic Factor

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61
Q

Intrinsic factor complexes with___ and is then absorbed by the____

A

Vitamin B12, ileum

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62
Q

pH of HCl

A

0.8

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63
Q

How are we protected from low pH’s?

A

Mucus lining

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64
Q

What does the proton pump help the production of?

A

HCl

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65
Q

What can pepsin inhibit?

A

The proton pump

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66
Q

What does HCl reduce feric iron (Fe3+) to?

A

ferrous iron Fe2+

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67
Q

4 functions of HCl

A

-activates pepsin
-kills bacteria
-acid hydrolysis of proteins
-Helps with Feric iron (Fe3+) absorption

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68
Q

What is pepsinogen secreted by?

A

Chief Cells

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69
Q

How is pepsin made?

A

HCl converting pepsinogen

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70
Q

What is pepsin classified as?

A

aspartylprotase

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71
Q

What is a –protase?

A

Acts on proteins

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72
Q

Function of pepsin

A

-Cleaves aromatic amino acids
-Acts on proteins that are ingested

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73
Q

pH of pepsin

A

1.3-1.8

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74
Q

How does pepsin degrade proteins?

A

Through its low pH

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75
Q

Amino acids cleaved by pepsin?

A

-Phenlyamine
-Tryptophan
-Tyrosine

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76
Q

Endocrine Cells

A

-Gamma Cells
-Entereochromafin cells
-D Cells

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77
Q

What do gamma cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

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78
Q

function of gastrin

A

to stimulate HCl

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79
Q

What do enterochromafin cells secrete?

A

histomine

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80
Q

Function of histomine

A

stimulates HCl

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81
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

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82
Q

Function of somatostatin

A

to inhibit HCl

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83
Q

Neural Control of GI Secretions function

A

Controls smooth muscle contractions

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84
Q

Smooth muscle contractions in GI

A

peristalitic contractions and rhythamic contractions

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85
Q

What are the sub components of the enteric nervous system?

A

submucosal plexus and mycentric plexus

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86
Q

How does CNS control sympathetic and parasympathetic processes of the GI

A

Through hormonal control

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87
Q

What kind of nutrients does the GI absorb?

A

Everything whether or not you need it or not

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88
Q

Is the GI controlled by nutrional state of the body or the volume of luminal contents?

A

It is governed by the volume of luminal contents.

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89
Q

What three phases control gastric secretions?

A

-Cephalic Phase
-Gastric Phase
-intestinal

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90
Q

What does the cephalic phase do>

A

Stimulates normal enteric activity

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91
Q

What increases during the gastric phase?

A

HCl and Gastrin

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92
Q

What is the gastric phase mediated by?

A

-Neural
-Chemical
-mechanical

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93
Q

When does the gastric phase occur?

A

Only when found in the stomach

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94
Q

Where is gastrin releasing peptide?

A

In the enteric nervous system

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95
Q

Hormones of the stomach…

A

-Gastrin
-Somatostatin
-Ach

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96
Q

When does intestinal phase occur?

A

through mechanical and chemical receptors chyme enters the duodenum

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97
Q

Entereogastric reflex

A

The duodenum ENS acts on gastrin through the myenteric plexus

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98
Q

What cells are secreted in the duodenal mucosa?

A

cholecystokinin(cck) and secretin

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99
Q

What are the main pancreatic secretions

A

-Proteases
-Lipase
-Amylase
-Nucleases

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100
Q

What enzymes are classified as proteases?

A

-Trypsin
-Chymotrypsin
-clastase
-carboxypeptidase

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101
Q

What are lipase amylase and nucleases classified as?

A

Zymogen

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102
Q

What does zymogen mean?

A

Inactive enzymes

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103
Q

What is tripsinogen converted to once in duodenum wall?

A

Trypsin

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104
Q

How is tripsinogen converted to trypsin?

A

Therough the process of cleaving (entereokinase)

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105
Q

How is trypsinogen converted to trypsin?

A

Through the process of cleaving (enterokinase)

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106
Q

What is chymotrypsinogen converted to?

A

chymotrypsin

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107
Q

How is chymotrypsinogen converted to chymotrypsin?

A

Through trypsin

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108
Q

What is procarboxypeptidase converted to?

A

carboxypeptidase

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109
Q

What are the two phases of pancreatic secretions?

A

Cephalic and gastric

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110
Q

What are bile salts a derivative of?

A

Cholesterol

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111
Q

What are the two bile salts?

A

Glyconolic and tahrocholic

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112
Q

What are the bile pigments?

A

bilirubin and bilioerdin

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113
Q

What are lecithins as a bile secretion?

A

its a membrane phospholipid derivative

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114
Q

what does secretin as part of bile?

A

-Stimulates bile salt generation
-Recycles our bile salts

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115
Q

Where are carbs proteins and lipids processed from greatest to least

A

duodenum > jejunum > ileum

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116
Q

Where is calcium iron and folate processed?

A

All three are processed in the duodenum however only calcium is processed in juojenum and ileum

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117
Q

What component of the SI are bile acids processed in?

A

Ileum

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118
Q

What breaks down proteins in the stomach?

A

pepsin

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119
Q

What breaks down proteins in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin

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120
Q

What breaks down proteins in the pancreas?

A

chymotrysin

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121
Q

In the pancreas what processes amino acids?

A

carboypeptidase

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122
Q

In the SI how are amino acids processed?

A

Through aminopeptidase

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123
Q

How do amino acids enter epithelial cells?

A

Through the apical membrane through Na coupling

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124
Q

Where do amino acids exit into after entering epithelial cells?

A

The basolateral membrane through Na independent transporter

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125
Q

What does GLUT 2 transport as part of the basolateral membrane?

A

All three monosacharides

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126
Q

At 6 months of age what closes?

A

Your gut

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127
Q

entereocytes have ____ capacity to ____ whole proteins

A

limited, phagocytic

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128
Q

90% of whole proteins are degraded by what?

A

lysosomal enzymes

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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What do special enterocytes lack?

A

lysosomal enzymes

130
Q

what are enterocytes also known as?

A

M cells

131
Q

How do endoproteases cleave peptide bonds internally>

A

-pepsin
-trypsin
-chymotrypsin

132
Q

How do exoprotease partake in peptide cleavage?

A

-carboypeptidase
-aminopetpidase
-dipeptidases

133
Q

pepT1

A

a hydrogen co transport of di and tripeptides

134
Q

How are most carbs in the diet consumed as?

A

polysachardies and dischardies

135
Q

What sugars are absorbed by intstinal cells?

A

only monosaccharides

136
Q

What are the three polysaccharides?

A

-Starch
-Cellulose
-glycogen

137
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

-Sucrose
-lactose
-maltose

138
Q

What are the 3 monosacharides

A

-galactose
-glucose
-fructose

139
Q

What linkages can alpha amylase cleave? What is the exception?

A

only 1:4 linkages except terminal bonds

140
Q

What kind of linkages does amylopeptin contain?

A

alpha 1:6 linkages

141
Q

What linkages are found in cellulose?

A

Beta 1:4 linkages

142
Q

What is the minor structural difference between glucose and galactose?

A

The positioning of an OH bond

143
Q

How is glucose and galactose transported across the apical membrane?

A

SGLT1

144
Q

How is Fructose transported across the apical membrane

A

Through GLUT5

145
Q

Brush Border enzymes

A

-Lactase
-Maltase
-Sucraseisomoltase
-Alpha limit dextrin

146
Q

Lactase converts lactose into what?

A

galactose and glucose

147
Q

Maltase converts maltose into what?

A

2 glucoses

148
Q

sucrasemoltase converts sucrose into what?

A

glucose and fructose

149
Q

alpha limit dextrinase converts 1:6 alpha linkages to what?

A

2 glucoses

150
Q

Those with lactose intolerance have lactose broken down where?

A

By microbes in the colon

151
Q

WHere are triglyercides reformed?

A

In small intestine entereocytes

152
Q

what do triglycerides form for secretion through entereocytes?

A

Chlymicrons

153
Q

What is a free fatty acid also known as

A

a nonesterified fatty acid

154
Q

What do fat droplets form with the addition of bile salts?

A

They form emulsion droplets

155
Q

What is a mulilaminer coating formed by?

A

Phospholipids

156
Q

What are micells formed by?

A

amphipillic fatty acids

157
Q

What do fat droplets become?

A

Emulsion droplets through bile salts

158
Q

What buds off of emulsion droplets?

A

Micelles

159
Q

What do micelles becoome

A

FFA

160
Q

Short Chain Fatty Acid Carbon Structure

A

Less than 12

161
Q

How are long chain fatty acids distinct from short chains?

A

They are more than 12 carbons as well as they will be resterfied

162
Q

What do long chain fatty acids regulate?

A

Triglycerides

163
Q

What do enterocytes make

A

apoproteins

164
Q

What complex forms VLDLs

A

apoproteins, triglycerides,phospholipids, and cholesterol

165
Q

What does a complex of apoproteins, triglycerides,phospholipids, and cholesterol form?

A

VLDL or chylomicrons

166
Q

What are fats inside endothelial cells broken down into?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

167
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

Breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids

168
Q

How big are lymph vessels?

A

80 microns in diameter

169
Q

why do chylomicrons go into lymph vessels?

A

because they are too big for capillary

170
Q

what does VLDL stand for?

A

Very Low Density Lipoproteins

171
Q

Key features of the absorptive state

A

anabolic processes
-net update of glucose liner
-some synthesis of amino acids

172
Q

key features of post absorptive state

A

-catabolic processes
-break down glycogen
-breaks down protein
-breaks triglycerides into fatty acids

173
Q

Where can glucose-6-phosphate go back to glucose?

A

In the liver

174
Q

What is consumed when glucose is low

A

fatty acids

175
Q

What does glucagon break down into

A

glucose-6-phosphate

176
Q

What is it called when fatty acids are catabolized

A

Beta Oxidation

177
Q

When is there high insulin or high glucagon?

A

There is high insulin during the absorptive phase and high glucagon during the postabsorptive phase

178
Q

What does glucagon do(basic)

A

release stored sugars into bloodstream

179
Q

what does insulin do(basic)

A

Allows cells to use sugar for energy

180
Q

What two hormones help with the secretion of sex hormones(male)

A

FSH and LH

181
Q

What surrounds the scrotum?

A

Tunica Dartos

182
Q

What is the function of tunica dartos?

A

It functions as fibroelastic tissue and smooth muslce cells that increase or decrease surface area in response to temperature

183
Q

What temperature does spem need to be produced at?

A

Slightly lower than the body’s temperature

184
Q

What three componenets provide structural support for the testis

A

-Tunica Albugnuiea
-Mediastrium Testis
-Trabecula

185
Q

Tunica Albugnuiea function

A

protects testis

186
Q

Where is the mediastrium testis

A

center of testis

187
Q

What does the trabecula in the tetis do?

A

It’s connective tissue that segments testis

188
Q

What is the semiferous tuble the site of

A

spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

189
Q

How do Interstial cells(Leydig Cells) respond to LH

A

By producing testosterone

190
Q

Epididymus components

A

-caput
-corpus
-cauda

191
Q

What is the head of the epididymus called

A

the caput

192
Q

what is the tail of the epididymus called?

A

The cauda

193
Q

Where is sperm stored prior to ejaculation with passive movement of sperm?

A

In the epidiymus

194
Q

WHere does the epdidymus empty into?

A

into the vas deferens

195
Q

What is the vas defernes a part of?

A

THe spermatic cord

196
Q

WHere is sperm when its ready to be ejaculated?

A

the vas deferens

197
Q

where does the semiferous tubule empty into

A

the rete testis

198
Q

what is the rete testis responsible for?

A

the production of sperm

199
Q

What does the spermatic cord do?

A

raises and lowers the testis in response to heat

200
Q

What does the paniniform plexus recieve and put away?

A

Recieves arterial blood and venous blood goes away

201
Q

function of paniniform plexus

A

Allows for constant exchange of heat

202
Q

Where do the two vas defernes merge?

A

At the ampulle

203
Q

What are the 3 acessory organs of the male reproductie system>

A

-Semilinial vesicles
-bulbour ethral glands
-prostate

204
Q

what do the accessory organs of the male reproductive system secrete?

A

semilinal plasma

205
Q

THe three parts of the penis and what they are

A

–Crus(anchorage to the pelvis)
-Corpus(body)
-glans(head)

206
Q

What surrounds the urethra of the penis

A

corpusspangiousum

207
Q

What component fills with blood for erection?

A

corpuscavernosum

208
Q

What stimulates the corpuscavernosum?

A

CNS

209
Q

What do nerves in the penis release for dialation?

A

Nitric Oxide

210
Q

What are the three main components of sperm?

A

-ovoid shaped head
-midpiece
-flagellum

211
Q

What is primarily in the head of sperm?

A

the nucleus

212
Q

What overlays the nucleus in the head of sperm?

A

The acrosome

213
Q

What enzymes does the acrosome cap contain?

A

acrosin and hylavirnidase

214
Q

Function of the tail of sperm

A

alot of mitochondira drive the flagella movement

215
Q

subcomponents of the midpeice sperm tail

A

-proximal distol centrioles and coarse fibrils

216
Q

What combination of hormones provide the environement for spermatogeneis?

A

FSH + Testosterone

217
Q

What do sertoli cells do?

A

When testosterone is taken up it is converted to dihydrotestosterone that is more potent or more estrogen

218
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Mitosis for more stem cells that is constant throughout life

219
Q

What does testosterone inhibit?

A

LH Secretion

220
Q

what stimulates erthyroporetin in the kidneys

A

testosterone

221
Q

what hormone decreases GnRH

A

Testosterone

222
Q

What is the outer layer of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium

223
Q

What provides surface protection to the ovary?

A

Tunica Albunguintea

224
Q

Cite of gamateogenesis in the ovary

A

The cortex

225
Q

What does the medella do as part of the ovary?

A

In charge of blood, nerves and lymph through the vilus

226
Q

What does a female have at time of birth?

A

All primordial follicles

227
Q

What is the fallopian tube also known as?

A

The oviduct

228
Q

What opens into the oviduct

A

Infundibulum

229
Q

What is the thin membrane a oviduct has?

A

Fimbria

230
Q

2 sections of the oviduct

A

The ampulla half and the isthmus half

231
Q

What is the isthmus the site of?

A

Site of fertilization

232
Q

What is the periometoium a part of?

A

The uterus

233
Q

What is the perimetoium?

A

The serous connective tissue that continues with mesometium

234
Q

What is the myometium a part of?

A

The uterus

235
Q

What kind of muscle is the myometium

A

Longitudinal and circular

236
Q

Where does implantation start?

A

In the endometrium as part of the uterus

237
Q

What are the 3 components of broad ligament

A

Mesmetioium
Mesosalphin
Mesovarium

238
Q

What is the mesmetioium known as?

A

The uterus

239
Q

What is the mesosalphin known as?

A

The oviduct

240
Q

What is the mesovarium known as?

A

Ovaries

241
Q

What opens as estrogen increases?

A

The cervix

242
Q

Does the vagina have glands?

A

No

243
Q

What kind of cells line the vaginal wall

A

Squamous epithelium

244
Q

When does 1st meiosis occur for females?

A

Begins prior to birth but doesn’t complete until first period

245
Q

When is meiosis 2 completed?

A

At fertilization

246
Q

What kind of follicles compose follicular development

A

primary follicles

247
Q

When does primordial follicle development start?

A

During follicular development

248
Q

What layers are formed during follicular development?

A

Thea layers

249
Q

When is the position of the oocyte created?

A

During follicular development

250
Q

What kind of cells are primary follicles made of?

A

Flattened granulosa cells

251
Q

What does the zona pellucide form?

A

Polysaccharide and glycoprotein cord

252
Q

What does the theca interna produce?

A

Progesterone and testosterone

253
Q

What does the theca externa provide?

A

A barrier

254
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

Estrogen and inhibin

255
Q

What does cumulus oopherus mean?

A

How granulosa cells surround the oocyte

256
Q

What DEVELOPS around an oocyte?

A

Corona radiata

257
Q

What is a wasted oocyte known as? (Dies out of follicle)

A

Atresia

258
Q

Does negative or positive feedback occur when there’s low estrogen?

A

Negative

259
Q

What increases just prior to ovulation? What kind of feedback is this?

A

Estrogen, positive feedback

260
Q

What is the follicle replaced by in the lunteal phase?

A

Follicle is replaced by corpus lutenum

261
Q

What hormones are made during the lunteal phase

A

Progesterone and some estrogen

262
Q

Where does the oocyte go during the lunteal phase?

A

Goes from ovary to uterus

263
Q

What tissues are broken down during ovulation?

A

Metalloproteinase connective tissues

264
Q

When does LH surge?

A

During ovulation

265
Q

What color is the corpus lutenum?

A

Yellow

266
Q

What is the corpus hemmoreghum derived from?

A

Granula cells

267
Q

What is the purpose of granulosa cells surrounding an oocyte?

A

To provide nutrients to the oocyte

268
Q

What hormones are secreted with increased estrogen?

A

GnRH and LH

269
Q

Luteinzation

A

Granulosa cells or theca are developed into corpus lutenum

270
Q

Why does FSH decrease prior to it increasing?

A

To prevent second egg from releasing

271
Q

What has a bigger spike, LH or FSH?

A

LH

272
Q

What spikes first? Progesterone or estrogen

A

Estrogen and then progesterone

273
Q

During what phase is estrogen dominant?

A

Follicular

274
Q

During what phase is progesterone dominant?

A

Luteal

275
Q

Order of the menstrual cycle

A

-Menses
-Proliferative
-Ovulation
-Secretory

276
Q

What happens during menses

A

Uterine lining is shed which causes bleeding

277
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Epithelial cells reproduce to repair uterine lining

278
Q

What happens during the ovulation phase

A

Ovum is released from ovary and goes through fallopian tube

279
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

Uterine prepares for pregnancy by growing thicker and developing a blood supply that then is depleted right before menses

280
Q

During what phases is the ovary involved in?

A

Follicular and luteal

281
Q

What phases is the uterus involved in?

A

Proliferative and secretory

282
Q

Where does sperm first bind to?

A

The zona pellucia

283
Q

Where is the zona pellucida

A

It surrounds the ovum

284
Q

Where does capacitation occur?

A

In the distal oviduct next to the uterus

285
Q

After capitation where does sperm move from the oviduct to?

A

The site of fertilization

286
Q

What does the acrosome (outer layer of sperm head) release in order to penetrate egg?

A

A rosin and hylaluronidase

287
Q

What is the oocyte membrane also known as?

A

Vitelline membrane

288
Q

What two things are created at fertilization?

A

Make and female pro nucleuses

289
Q

What do the male and female pronucleases combine to make?

A

The zygote

290
Q

What is the perivitelline space?

A

The space between the oocyte and zona pellucida

291
Q

What is polyspermy

A

When two or more sperm bind to the egg

292
Q

Why is polyspermy a problem?

A

It causes miscarriages

293
Q

What is shedded at the end of meiosis 2?

A

The second polar body

294
Q

After 16-32 cells are created from the zygote, what is created?

A

Morula

295
Q

When the morula is compacted what does it become?

A

It becomes the blastocyst

296
Q

What two cell types is the blastocyst

A

-trophoblast
-inner cell mass

297
Q

What does the trophoblast give rise to?

A

Gives rise to placenta

298
Q

What does the inner cell mass give rise to?

A

It gives rise to the fetus

299
Q

What “hatches” after the blastocyst is fully formed?

A

The zona pellucida

300
Q

What is the endometrial stroma?

A

Connective tissue that differentiates into decidua

301
Q

What are the two types of trophoblast?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

302
Q

How does the syncitiotrophoblast become a placenta?

A

Through stem cells

303
Q

What does cytotrophoblast form?

A

Columns of placental villi

304
Q

What’s part of the inner cells mass?

A

Fetus
Yolk Sac
Amnism

305
Q

What do syncitiotrophoblasts secrete?

A

Secrete chorionic gonadotropin that help recognize maternal pregnancy

306
Q

Is hcg leudotropic?

A

Yes

307
Q

What happens if hcg is not present?

A

The corpus luteum recesses (leudiolysis)

308
Q

What does HCG help maintain?

A

Progesterone prodcuction

309
Q

During pregnancy what hormones spike and immoderately fall, or remain constant (between estrogen, HCG, and Progesterone)

A

HCG spikes at beginning, Progesterone and Estrogen grow gradually

310
Q

What is in charge of progesterone production in the third trimester?

A

The placenta

311
Q

How human arteries and veins does the chorionic plate

A

2 arteries and 1 vein

312
Q

What does the basal plate refer to?

A

The maternal side of the placenta

313
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Chorionic Villi is not low turgidity thus less blood is able to make its way to the fetus

314
Q

When does the Ductus Venous open

A

It opens when there is an issue with the placenta, thus the blood goes to the vena cava rather than the liver

315
Q

Ductus arteriosis function

A

To shunt blood from pulmonary arteries to aorta to bypass lungs

316
Q

What is the foreman ovale?

A

A hole between left and right atria prior to birth

317
Q

How many stages are there of labor?

A

3

318
Q

What happens in the first stage of labor?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the uterus that make the baby face towards the cervix

319
Q

What happens in stage 2 of labor?

A

The baby tries to exit through reflex contractions

320
Q

What happens during stage 3 of the labor

A

Expulsion of the placenta

BMS 260 Exam Review (2 decks)

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