Exam 3 Flashcards
What is fixed-schedule dosing for withdrawal? What is the standardized assessment tool? What is assessed?
tapering, or symptom-triggered dosing in which the presence and severity of withdrawal symptoms determine the amount of medication needed and the frequency of administration.
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale,
nausea, tremors, anxiety, sweats, agitation, tactile disturbances, auditory, visual, HA, disorientation
What determines onset of withdrawal symptoms?
half-life of the substance/drug
What are common illegal stimulants? Effects? Physioligical effects? Overdose effects? Treatment? Withdrawal effects?
cocaine, methamphetamine
high or euphoric feeling, hyperactivity, hypervigilance, talkativeness, anxiety, grandiosity, hallucinations, stereotypic or repetitive behavior, anger, fighting, and impaired judgment.
tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, perspiration or chills, nausea, chest pain, confusion, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
seizure, coma; deaths are rare
antipsychotic: controls hallucinations, lowers blood pressure, and relieves nausea
withdrawal is not life-threatening and not treated pharmachologically
Cannabis effect? Physiological effect? Overdose? Withdrawal and treatment?
Cannabis begins to act less than 1 minute after inhalation. Peak effects usually occur in 20 to 30 minutes and last at least 2 to 3 hours
high feeling similar to that with alcohol, lowered inhibitions, relaxation, euphoria, and increased appetite.
impaired motor coordination, inappropriate laughter, impaired judgment and short-term memory, and distortions of time and perception. Anxiety, dysphoria, and social withdrawal, conjunctival injection (bloodshot eyes), dry mouth, hypotension, and tachycardia.
delirium or rarely, cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, both of which are treated symptomatically. Overdoses of cannabis do not occur.
muscle aches, sweating, anxiety, and tremors, no clinically significant withdrawal syndrome i
Opioid effect? Physiological effect? Overdose? Antidote? Withdrawal? Treatment?
intoxication develops soon after the initial euphoric feeling; symptoms include apathy, lethargy, listlessness, impaired judgment, psychomotor retardation or agitation, constricted pupils, drowsiness, slurred speech, and impaired attention and memory.
coma, respiratory depression, pupillary constriction, unconsciousness, and death.
naloxone (Narcan)
anxiety, restlessness, aching back and legs, cravings, nausea, vomiting, dysphoria, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, sweating, diarrhea, yawning, fever, and insomnia.
Symptoms of opioid withdrawal cause significant distress, but do not require pharmacologic intervention to support life or bodily functions. Methadone can be used as a replacement for opioids, and the dosage is then decreased over 2 weeks. Substitution of methadone during detoxification reduces symptoms to no worse than a mild case of flu
anxiety, insomnia, dysphoria, anhedonia, and drug craving may persist for weeks or months.
What is anhedonia?
inability to feel pleasure
Effect of hallucinogens (exctasy, PCP)? Psychological effect? Overdose? Treatment? PCP toxicity? Withdrawal symptoms?
distort the user’s perception of reality and produce symptoms similar to psychosis, including hallucinations (usually visual) and depersonalization.
increased pulse, blood pressure, and temperature; dilated pupils; and hyperreflexia.
Hallucinogen intoxication is marked by several maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes: anxiety, depression, paranoid ideation, ideas of reference, fear of losing one’s mind, and potentially dangerous behaviors such as jumping out a window in the belief that one can fly. Physiological symptoms include sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, blurred vision, tremors, and lack of coordination. PCP intoxication often involves belligerence, aggression, impulsivity, and unpredictable behavior (Bertron, Seto, & Lindsley, 2018).
primarily psychological; overdoses as such do not occur. These drugs are not a direct cause of death, though fatalities have occurred from related accidents, aggression, and suicide.
Treatment of toxic reactions is supportive. Psychotic reactions are managed best by isolation from external stimuli; physical restraints may be necessary for the safety of the client and others.
PCP toxicity can include seizures, hypertension, hyperthermia, and respiratory depression.
craving, flashbacks, which are transient recurrences of perceptual disturbances
Why would disulfiram be administered? Effect?
help deter clients from drinking.
If a client taking disulfiram drinks alcohol, a severe adverse reaction occurs with flushing, a throbbing headache, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.
What is somatic symptom disorder? Conversion disorder? Pain disorder? Illness anxiety disorder?
one or more physical symptoms that have no organic basis. Individuals spend a lot of time and energy focused on health concerns, often believe symptoms to be indicative of serious illness, and experience significant distress and anxiety about their health.
sometimes called conversion reaction, involves unexplained, usually sudden deficits in sensory or motor function (e.g., blindness, paralysis). These deficits suggest a neurologic disorder but are associated with psychological factors.
physical symptom of pain, which is generally unrelieved by analgesics and greatly affected by psychological factors in terms of onset, severity, exacerbation, and maintenance.
*Illness anxiety disorder, formerly hypochondriasis, is preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious disease
What is alexithymia?
inability to identify emotions. This is different than an unwillingness or refusal to identify emotions. They have tremendous difficulty dealing with interpersonal conflict. When placed in situations involving conflict or emotional stress, their physical symptoms appear to worsen.
What is aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, disturbance in executive functioning?
Aphasia, which is deterioration of language function
*Apraxia, which is impaired ability to execute motor functions despite intact motor abilities
*Agnosia, which is inability to recognize or name objects despite intact sensory abilities
*Disturbance in executive functioning, which is the ability to think abstractly and to plan, initiate, sequence, monitor, and stop complex behavior
