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PSY100 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Developmental Psychology?

A

The study of how the metal processes and behavior change as an individual grows

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2
Q

What are the main domains of development

A

Cognition (sensation, perception, memory, and mental processes), social dynamics/relationships, and personality

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3
Q

TWhat are some main reflexes that we develop as an infant?

A

Grasping (touch of palm to light grasp), rooting (touch of cheek for breastfeeding), sucking (touch on pallet), moro (sudden shift in position results in clutching)

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4
Q

What is motor development?

A

The development of the usage of muscles

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5
Q

When do infants start to roll over?

A

3-5 months

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6
Q

When do infants start to sit?

A

6 months

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7
Q

When do infants start standing alone?

A

11-12 months?

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8
Q

When do infants start walking?

A

12-14 months

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9
Q

When do infants start babbling?

A

6 months

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10
Q

When do infants start their first words?

A

12 months

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11
Q

When do infants start speaking simple sentences?

A

18-19 months

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12
Q

How is newborn vision? And why?

A

Newborns have very poor visual processing due to lack of stimulation in utero

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13
Q

How is newborn audition?

A

In comparison to vision, pretty well developed, because exposed to stimulation in utero (also able to recognize)

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14
Q

How long does it take for infants to perceive depth?

A

~8 months

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15
Q

What is a common example used to study a child’s ability to perceive danger?

A

“Visual Cliff”

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16
Q

Do infants show preference to complex or simple patterns?

A

More complex

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17
Q

What sort of techniques can spot out what stimuli is interesting to infants?

A

Eye gaze tracking

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18
Q

Why are faces so important for infants?

A

Facilities recognition, critical for social development/interaction

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19
Q

Who is Jean Piaget and what did he do?

A

He discussed the series of qualitative changes to how children think about the world (cognitive development)

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20
Q

What are schemas?

A

Concepts and operations (concepts about how the world works)

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21
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Fitting new experiences into existing schemas (concepts/operations)

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22
Q

What are accomodations?

A

Changing schemas to account for new information

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23
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

The first two years of life, where we learn how to use the sensory system/control the body, and distinguish ourselves from other things/people and object permenance

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24
Q

What is the preoperational stage?

A

When we start to learn language, exhibit egocentrism (everything revolves around me and everyone knows what I know), and no theory of mind, more intuition rather than logic

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25
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

The understanding that other people’s minds are different from their own and may have different information?

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26
Q

What is conservation?

A

The volume and mass of an object remain the same no matter how its arranged

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27
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

More formal logic skills are learned, learning math, trouble with more theoretical questions, master conservation

28
Q

What is formal operation?

A

Able to consider theoretical possibilities for a condition, solve these problems, concerned for the future

29
Q

What is the order of the stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, formal operational

30
Q

What are the time frames of each of the stages of cognitive development?

A

0-2 years, 2-7 years, 7-11 years, 11 to adult

31
Q

What is preconventional?

A

No personal code of morality, shaped by adult standards and consequences that follow

32
Q

What is conventional?

A

Acceptance of social rules about right and wrong, and internalizing the moral standards of valued adult role models

33
Q

What is postconventional?

A

Preservation of life at all costs, human dignity, decisions based on self chosen principles

34
Q

What is the order of social development?

A

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional

35
Q

What is a good way to summarize the three stages of moral development?

A
  1. What is good or bad for only me?
  2. What is good or bad for other people?
  3. What is good or bad for everyone, including me?
36
Q

What is the difference between Vygotsky and Piaget?

A

Vygotsky was on the idea that knowledge is developed from the world, and through interacting with others in the world, while Piaget believes in the world knowledge but that the child explores by themselves, and stages of development are the same regardless of culture

37
Q

What are the four types of attachment styles?

A

Secure (quick response for child, distressed when caretaker leaves), insecure - avoidant (unresponsive to child, child undistressed when caretaker leaves), insecure - ambivalent (responds to child sometimes, distress when leaves but not comforted by return), insecure - disorganized (abusive, no attaching behaviors)

38
Q

What is learning?

A

A change as a result of an experience (behavior, knowledge, skill, understanding, attitude, etc)

39
Q

What is habituation?

A

Repeated stimulus results in weaker response over time

40
Q

What is memory?

A

Storage and retrieval of information?

41
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Relationship formed between two stimuli or between stimulus and behavior

42
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Association created bwteen two stimuli to produce reflexive response to a new stimuli (think pavlov)

43
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Voluntary behaviors made more or less likely due to consequences

44
Q

What is the difference between between neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned stimulus?

A

A neutral stimulus has no association with target response, an unconditioned stimulus is no learning required to produce response, and conditioned stimulus means association must be learned to produce response

45
Q

What is the difference between unconditioned and conditioned response?

A

UR is a reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus (drool to food), and CR is a learned response to conditioned stimulus

46
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Appearance of the CR in response to the CS

47
Q

What is extinction?

A

Loss of the CR after repeated exposure to the CS without the US

48
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Return of an extinct CR in response to the CS after a period of rest

49
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

The CR in response to stimuli that are similar but not the same as the CS

50
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

Process of fine tuning CR to specific CS quality

51
Q

What is Second Order Conditioning?

A

Pair new NS with CS to create association with CR

52
Q

What is operant conditioning similar to?

A

Training with monkeys (reinforcement and punishment)

53
Q

What is shaping?

A

Progressive approximations to the desired behavior

54
Q

What is chaining?

A

Linking together a sequence of reinforced behaviors in complex series

55
Q

What is extinction?

A

The reduction of a target behavior in the absence of a reinforcer

56
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Effects on behavior without reinforcement

57
Q

What is modeling?

A

Observing others’ voluntary behavior affects observer’s behavior

58
Q

What is emotion?

A

A subjective mental state, usually accompanied by distinct behaviors

59
Q

What’s the difference between emotion and mood?

A

Emotion is relatively specific and brief while mood is general and enduring

60
Q

What’s the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic causes arousal of intense emotion, while para reduces it

61
Q

What is the Two-Factor Theory?

A

When people experience a physiological response (heart rate up), they label it to a particular emotion based on context

62
Q

What are micro-expressions?

A

Small contractions in facial muscles consistent with emotional experiences

63
Q

What is the stress hormone?

A

Cortisol

64
Q

What is the stress cycle?

A

Stress suppresses immune system, increases risk of illness, stress of suffering and illness

65
Q

How does stress evaluation work?

A

Primary appraisal: Is it a threat? If no, no stress, if yes, can I deal with it? If yes, low/no stress, if no then STRESS

PSY100 (6 decks)

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