Exam 3 Flashcards
What is Developmental Psychology?
The study of how the metal processes and behavior change as an individual grows
What are the main domains of development
Cognition (sensation, perception, memory, and mental processes), social dynamics/relationships, and personality
TWhat are some main reflexes that we develop as an infant?
Grasping (touch of palm to light grasp), rooting (touch of cheek for breastfeeding), sucking (touch on pallet), moro (sudden shift in position results in clutching)
What is motor development?
The development of the usage of muscles
When do infants start to roll over?
3-5 months
When do infants start to sit?
6 months
When do infants start standing alone?
11-12 months?
When do infants start walking?
12-14 months
When do infants start babbling?
6 months
When do infants start their first words?
12 months
When do infants start speaking simple sentences?
18-19 months
How is newborn vision? And why?
Newborns have very poor visual processing due to lack of stimulation in utero
How is newborn audition?
In comparison to vision, pretty well developed, because exposed to stimulation in utero (also able to recognize)
How long does it take for infants to perceive depth?
~8 months
What is a common example used to study a child’s ability to perceive danger?
“Visual Cliff”
Do infants show preference to complex or simple patterns?
More complex
What sort of techniques can spot out what stimuli is interesting to infants?
Eye gaze tracking
Why are faces so important for infants?
Facilities recognition, critical for social development/interaction
Who is Jean Piaget and what did he do?
He discussed the series of qualitative changes to how children think about the world (cognitive development)
What are schemas?
Concepts and operations (concepts about how the world works)
What is assimilation?
Fitting new experiences into existing schemas (concepts/operations)
What are accomodations?
Changing schemas to account for new information
What is the sensorimotor stage?
The first two years of life, where we learn how to use the sensory system/control the body, and distinguish ourselves from other things/people and object permenance
What is the preoperational stage?
When we start to learn language, exhibit egocentrism (everything revolves around me and everyone knows what I know), and no theory of mind, more intuition rather than logic
What is theory of mind?
The understanding that other people’s minds are different from their own and may have different information?
What is conservation?
The volume and mass of an object remain the same no matter how its arranged
What is the concrete operational stage?
More formal logic skills are learned, learning math, trouble with more theoretical questions, master conservation
What is formal operation?
Able to consider theoretical possibilities for a condition, solve these problems, concerned for the future
What is the order of the stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, formal operational
What are the time frames of each of the stages of cognitive development?
0-2 years, 2-7 years, 7-11 years, 11 to adult
What is preconventional?
No personal code of morality, shaped by adult standards and consequences that follow
What is conventional?
Acceptance of social rules about right and wrong, and internalizing the moral standards of valued adult role models
What is postconventional?
Preservation of life at all costs, human dignity, decisions based on self chosen principles
What is the order of social development?
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
What is a good way to summarize the three stages of moral development?
- What is good or bad for only me?
- What is good or bad for other people?
- What is good or bad for everyone, including me?
What is the difference between Vygotsky and Piaget?
Vygotsky was on the idea that knowledge is developed from the world, and through interacting with others in the world, while Piaget believes in the world knowledge but that the child explores by themselves, and stages of development are the same regardless of culture
What are the four types of attachment styles?
Secure (quick response for child, distressed when caretaker leaves), insecure - avoidant (unresponsive to child, child undistressed when caretaker leaves), insecure - ambivalent (responds to child sometimes, distress when leaves but not comforted by return), insecure - disorganized (abusive, no attaching behaviors)
What is learning?
A change as a result of an experience (behavior, knowledge, skill, understanding, attitude, etc)
What is habituation?
Repeated stimulus results in weaker response over time
What is memory?
Storage and retrieval of information?
What is associative learning?
Relationship formed between two stimuli or between stimulus and behavior
What is classical conditioning?
Association created bwteen two stimuli to produce reflexive response to a new stimuli (think pavlov)
What is operant conditioning?
Voluntary behaviors made more or less likely due to consequences
What is the difference between between neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned stimulus?
A neutral stimulus has no association with target response, an unconditioned stimulus is no learning required to produce response, and conditioned stimulus means association must be learned to produce response
What is the difference between unconditioned and conditioned response?
UR is a reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus (drool to food), and CR is a learned response to conditioned stimulus
What is acquisition?
Appearance of the CR in response to the CS
What is extinction?
Loss of the CR after repeated exposure to the CS without the US
What is spontaneous recovery?
Return of an extinct CR in response to the CS after a period of rest
What is stimulus generalization?
The CR in response to stimuli that are similar but not the same as the CS
What is stimulus discrimination?
Process of fine tuning CR to specific CS quality
What is Second Order Conditioning?
Pair new NS with CS to create association with CR
What is operant conditioning similar to?
Training with monkeys (reinforcement and punishment)
What is shaping?
Progressive approximations to the desired behavior
What is chaining?
Linking together a sequence of reinforced behaviors in complex series
What is extinction?
The reduction of a target behavior in the absence of a reinforcer
What is latent learning?
Effects on behavior without reinforcement
What is modeling?
Observing others’ voluntary behavior affects observer’s behavior
What is emotion?
A subjective mental state, usually accompanied by distinct behaviors
What’s the difference between emotion and mood?
Emotion is relatively specific and brief while mood is general and enduring
What’s the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic?
Sympathetic causes arousal of intense emotion, while para reduces it
What is the Two-Factor Theory?
When people experience a physiological response (heart rate up), they label it to a particular emotion based on context
What are micro-expressions?
Small contractions in facial muscles consistent with emotional experiences
What is the stress hormone?
Cortisol
What is the stress cycle?
Stress suppresses immune system, increases risk of illness, stress of suffering and illness
How does stress evaluation work?
Primary appraisal: Is it a threat? If no, no stress, if yes, can I deal with it? If yes, low/no stress, if no then STRESS
