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Ornithology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

what is a bird’s principal tool for handling food

A

Beak

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2
Q

these birds have beaks that are good for straining water.

A

Dabbling ducks, such as mallards

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3
Q

these birds have beaks that are serrated and help in grasping fish

A

Mergansers

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4
Q

these birds possess bills similar to dabbling ducks that are good for sifting mud and water

A

spoonbills and flamingos

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5
Q

these birds possess short bills with a hooked tip that are ideal for dismembering prey

A

Raptors, such as owls, hawks, and eagles

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6
Q

these birds have long bills that allow them to pluck distant fruit

A

Toucans and hornbills

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7
Q

where is the food usually stored

A

in the birds crop, part of the birds esophagus

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8
Q

what is the only bird that uses their crop as a fermentation chamber

A

Hoatzin

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9
Q

what 2 parts does the stomach have?

A

anterior glandular proventriculus and the posterior gizzard

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10
Q

what part of the stomach contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes?

A

Anterior glandular proventriculus

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11
Q

what is the gizzard’s main function?

A

to mechanically process food

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12
Q

where is the main site of chemical digestion is the _______ where enzymes break down the food into small molecules that can be absorbed across the intestinal wall.

A

intestine

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13
Q

these birds are primarily “hawkers”

A

flycatchers

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14
Q

what regulate with internal heat

A

endotherms

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15
Q

what has constant body temperature

A

homeotherms

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16
Q

what are some benefits of the avian lifestyle?

A
  1. can function at times, places that other animals cannot (cold weather, no sunlight)
  2. higher rates of enzymatic reactions enable them to outperform other animals.
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17
Q

what are some costs of the avian lifestyle?

A
  1. constant demands for energy
  2. must have highly efficient supply systems
  3. body temperature close lethal limit (115°F)
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18
Q

what describes bones that are filled with spaces and may contain air sacs

A

pneumatic

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19
Q

found only in birds, thin-walled, transparent sacs extending from the mesobronchi or the lungs to different regions of the body; they act as bellows to bring air the body and store it until expiration

A

air sacs

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20
Q

the hardening or calcification of soft tissue (such as cartilage or tendon) into bone or a bone-like material

A

ossification

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21
Q

in birds, usually refers to the lower half of the beak; the lower jaw

A

mandible

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22
Q

in birds, refers to the upper half of the beak; the upper jaw

A

maxilla

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23
Q

a bird’s upper and lower jaws, including the external covering. In current ornithological usage, synonymous with beak

A

bill

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24
Q

a bird’s upper and lower jaws, including the external covering. In current ornithological usage, synonymous with bill.

A

beak

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25
Q

the outer covering (sheath) of the beak

A

rhamphotheca

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26
Q

the ability of some birds to independent move or open the upper tip of a long bill, most often seen in birds that feed by probing in soil or mud

A

rhynchokinesis

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27
Q

the breastbone; it provides an attachment site for the ribs and pectoral muscles. In all flying birds except tinamous, the sternum has a keel (carina).

A

sternum

28
Q

the rib cage; in birds it consists of the ribs connected to the thoracic vertebrae above and to the sternum below

A

thoracic cage

29
Q

a mid-ventral ridge of bone that projects outward from the sternum and provides an attachment site for the pectoral flight muscles. Synonymous with carina

A

keel

30
Q

a mid-ventral ridge of bone that projects outward from the sternum and provides an attachment site for the flight muscles. Synonymous with keel

A

carina

31
Q

the segment of the vertebral column of birds that is formed by the fusion of some thoracic vertebrae with all of the lumber and sacral vertebrae and the first several caudal vertebrae

A

synsacrum

32
Q

the tail bone of birds, formed by the fusion of the final several caudal vertebrae; it provides an attachment site for the flight feathers of the tail.

A

pygostyle

33
Q

a V-shaped bone of the pectoral girdle in birds, formed by the fusion of the right and left clavicles with a small interclavical bone. Commonly called the “wishbone”

A

furcula

34
Q

describes a structure with little current apparent function that is thought to be present solely because it derives from a structure that was function in an ancestor

A

vestigal

35
Q

a modification of the side of the middle toe claw into a comb-like, serrated edge used for preening

A

pectinate claw

36
Q

the two openings of the nasal cavity located in the upper beak, usually near its base

A

Nares

37
Q

a leathery band of skin covering the base of the bill in some birds, into which the nostrils open

A

cere

38
Q

birds in the order Procesllariiformes including albatrosses, shearwaters, fulmars, petrels, and storm-petrels-all of which have tube-shaped nares

A

tubenoses

39
Q

the primary sound-producing organ of birds, located at the point where the trachea divides to form the two bronchi

A

syrinx

40
Q

an enlargement of the lower esophagus that stores food in some groups of birds

A

crop

41
Q

the muscular lower part of the avian two part stomach that grinds and softens food, often with the aid of stones held within

A

gizzard

42
Q

the copulatory organ of male ratites and waterfowl, an elongated, spiral, ridged structure that erects during copulation. Sperm travel along its surface to reach the cloaca of the female.

A

cloacal phallus

43
Q

nerve stimuli that give information on the position and movement of the body or parts of the body

A

proprioceptive

44
Q

a relatively simple, rapid, and stereotyped response to a stimulus; it may be either automatic or learned

A

reflex

45
Q

the part of the autonomic nervous system that acts on smooth muscle to reduce the heart rate and regulate physiology under non stressful conditions

A

parasympathetic system

46
Q

the part of the autonomic nervous system that functions under conditions of stress, preparing the body for “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic system

47
Q

the “third eyelid” of birds, a thin, translucent fold of skin that sweeps across the eye

A

nictitating

48
Q

a depth cue that results from the motion of the observer, as objects that are closer move farther across the visual field than do objects that are more distant

A

motion parallax

49
Q

the active ability of an organism to modulate its internal body temperature

A

thermoregulation

50
Q

an organism able to use metabolic heat production to keep its internal body temperature within a restricted temperature range despite conditions in the surrounding environment

A

endothermic homeotherm

51
Q

the range of ambient temperatures over which a bird does not require additional metabolic energy for the heating or cooling of its body

A

thermal neutral zone

52
Q

a behavior of opening the bill wide and vibrating the thin gular membranes of the throat in order to dissipate heat via evaporative cooling

A

gular fluttering

53
Q

the loss of heat via the energy required to evaporate water

A

evaporative cooling

54
Q

changes in a bird’s physiology after it has been in a new environment for several days or weeks that allow it to function better in the new conditions

A

acclimatization

55
Q

the ability to maintain core body temperature while allowing the temperature of the extremities to deviate from the core temperature

A

regional heterothermy

56
Q

in birds, the direct exchange of heat between warm outgoing blood (such as that traveling to the feet in arteries) to adjacent returning cold blood (such as that returning from the feet in veins) that helps retain heat within the body

A

countercurrent heat exchange

57
Q

a resting state in which the body temperature drops, metabolic processes slow, and reactions to external stimuli are slow or lacking

A

torpor

58
Q

internal body temperatures higher than typical

A

hyperthermia

59
Q

what is primary fuel for birds?

A

fat

60
Q

do birds have a good sense of smell?

A

no

61
Q

an organism that maintains its internal body temperature at a constant or nearly constant level regardless of environmental conditions

A

homeotherm

62
Q

models of foraging behavior in which it is assumed that animals maximize their food intake while minimizing the overall costs of obtaining it, such as energy and time devoted to searching, capturing, and processing

A

optimal foraging theory

63
Q

an organism that is able to use a wide range of some type of resource; for example, birds with ____ diets eat many different kinds of foods

A

generalist

64
Q

an organism that uses only a narrow range of some type of resource; for example, birds with specialized diets eat only one or a few kinds of food.

A

specialist

65
Q

an evolutionary interaction between two or more species in which both species evolve adaptations in response to the other

A

coevolution

Ornithology (4 decks)

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