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Ornithology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

which hypothesis is a better in terms of models of flight

A

Ground-Up

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2
Q

How did the evolution of flight provide benefits?

A
  • Flight enhanced hunting and scavenging.
    • it enabled many birds to exploit flying insects, an abundant, highly nutritious food resource.
  • Flight provides a ready escape from earthbound predators.
  • it enables many birds to migrate great distances to exploit different food resources and seasonal breeding areas.
    - the arctic tern migrates round-trip between the Arctic to Antarctic each year.
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3
Q

What are the most obvious adaptations for flight

A

Wings

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4
Q

what are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as airplane wings

A

Wings

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5
Q

what are the 2 hypothesis on the evolution of bird flight?

A
  1. The “ground-up” hypothesis is based on running birds with primitive wings to snare insects
  2. the “trees-down” hypothesis has birds through tree-climbing, leaping, parachuting, gliding, and finally powered flight.
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6
Q

what hypothesis fits this:
- theropod running and jumping on the ground
- use outstretched limbs and stabilizers
- fringe allowed for longer jumps
- lead to gliding and then powered flight

A

Cursorial (running, or ground-up)

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7
Q

what hypothesis fits this:
1. small theropod or theocodont jumping from tree to tree or to ground
2. fringe would slow fall
3. lead to gliding and then powered flight

A

Arboreal (“Trees Down”)

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8
Q

what kind of dinosaur features does the Archaeopteryx have

A

-clawed forelimbs
- teeth forelimbs
- teeth in beak
- bony tail

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9
Q

What came first? feathers or flight?

A
  • feathers probably preceded flight and arose for thermoregulatory purposes.
  • but, once evolved, provided a superb “preadaptation” for flight
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10
Q

what are the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptations

A

feathers

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11
Q

what are made if the protein keratin, the same material in reptile scales and mammalian hair and nails

A

feathers

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12
Q

do most birds have water-proof capabilities

A

no

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13
Q

may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endothermy and were later co-opted as flight equipment

A

feathers

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14
Q

what lacks hooks on barbules, producing a fluffiness that provides excellent insulation because of the trapped air

A

downy feathers

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15
Q

what are the stiff ones that contribute to the aerodynamic shapes of the wing and body

A

contour feathers

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16
Q

what is the stiff, central spine of a feather from which the vanes, if present, extend

A

Shaft

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17
Q

the broad, usually flat, surfaces that extend from the shaft of contour and flight feathers; the vanes are formed by interlocking barbs.

A

Vanes

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18
Q

the hollow lower portion of the feather shaft that lacks vanes

A

calamus

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19
Q

the portion of the feather shaft distal to the calamus; it is often relatively solid and supports the vanes when present

A

rachis

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20
Q

describes that portion of the vane that is relatively flat and has a defined shape

A

pennaceous

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21
Q

describes that portion of the vane for which the loose, fluffy barbs are not structured into flat vanes

A

plumulaceous

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22
Q

the regular, parallel fibers that extend from each side of the rachis to form the feather vane

A

barbs

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23
Q

the central shaft of a feather barb (from which barbules extend)

A

ramus

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24
Q

branchlets off the barbs of a feather that hook together with adjacent barbules

A

barbules

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25
Q

tiny hooks on the barbules that allow them to attach to adjacent barbules, thereby forming the flat surface of a feather vane

A

barbicels (hooklets)

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26
Q

a stiff protein that forms scales, claws, and feathers

A

keratin

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27
Q

a small, epidermis-lined pit in the skin from which a feather grows and to which it remains attached

A

feather follicle

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28
Q

developing feathers that are still surrounded by a feather sheath

A

pin feathers

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29
Q

the temporary tube-like covering that surrounds a growing feather

A

sheath

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30
Q

transverse regions on a mature feather with slightly different coloring or texture that correspond to different stressful days of feather growth

A

Fault bars

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31
Q

feather tracts, the areas of a bird’s skin to which feathers are attached

A

pterylae

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32
Q

regions of bare or less-feathered skin between the feather tracts

A

apteria

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33
Q

the pattern and location of the feather tracts on a bird’s skin

A

pterylosis

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34
Q

are soft, fluffy feathers that typically lack a rachis

A

down feathers

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35
Q

the down feathers that cover the body of a hatchling bird

A

natal downs

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36
Q

the condition of chicks that are already well feathered with down when they hatch, with substantial powers of thermoregulation and locomotion, and a considerable degree of independence from the parents for feeding

A

precocial

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37
Q

the condition of young birds that hatch relatively undeveloped and in many cases naked or with sparse down; such helpless young require complete parental care

A

altricial

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38
Q

down feathers that lie under the contour feathers in many adult birds

A

body down

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39
Q

specialized down feathers that grow continuously and disintegrate at their tips to produce a fine powder (herons and pigeons)

A

powder down

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40
Q

the feathers that make up the exterior surface of a bird, including the wings and tail

A

contour feathers

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41
Q

a second, smaller feather that grows from the shaft of a larger contour feather

A

afterfeather

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42
Q

the feathers that form the wings (remiges) and tail (retrices)

A

flight feathers

43
Q

flight feathers that originate from the wing bones and form the wing surfaces/airfoil

A

remiges

44
Q

flight feathers that originate from the tail bones and form the tail surfaces/airfoil

A

rectrices

45
Q

the flight feathers of the outer wing that are attached to the manus (hand)

A

primaries

46
Q

the flight feathers of the inner wing that are attached to the ulna

A

secondaries

47
Q

the smaller, overlapping feathers that overlie the bases of the flight feathers of the wing and tail

A

coverts

48
Q

specialized contour feathers in which the rachis is stiffened and lack barbs

A

bristles

49
Q

stiff, hair-like feathers projecting from the base of the beak in some birds

A

rictal bristles

50
Q

hair-like feathers having a rachis but few or no barbs

A

filoplumes

51
Q

the process of shedding some or all of the feather coat and replacing it with newly grown feathers

A

molting

52
Q

refers either to a bird’s entire feather coat, or to the set of feathers produced by a particular partial or complete molt

A

plumage

53
Q

the plumage that a bird wears for the longest period within the year, between molts to another plumage

A

basic plumage

54
Q

the plumage that results from a partial molt of the basic plumage before breeding

A

alternate plumage

55
Q

the set of dull-colored feathers worn briefly after the breeding season in adult birds such as ducks

A

eclipse plumage

56
Q

feather maintenance behavior in which a bird tends to its feathers with its bill

A

preening

57
Q

parasites such as flies, ticks, lice, and mites that inhabit the exterior of a host’s body

A

ectoparasites

58
Q

a gland near the upper base of the tail that secretes oils that a bird distributes across its feathers via preening

A

uropygial gland

59
Q

pigments, manufactured within cells, that generally produce a range of earthy colors in various shades of black, brown, gray, reddish brown, and pale yellow

A

melanins

60
Q

pigments obtained by birds through their diets that often produce bright yellow, orange, or red colors

A

carotenoids

61
Q

patterning or coloration that allows a bird to remain concealed by blending into its environment

A

crypsis

62
Q

a type of camouflaging coloration in which patches, streaks, or other bold patterns help break up and distract from the overall shape of the bird

A

disruptive coloration

63
Q

a pattern of coloration in which a bird is darker on top than below

A

countershading

64
Q

the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations as a result of divergent natural selection in their different locations or environments

A

ecological speciation

65
Q

evolutionary radiations that are exceptional in having quickly evolved many species from a common ancestor, in response to natural selection that causes these species to differ from one another in their use of their environment

A

adaptative radiation

66
Q

the force acting on a moving airfoil (such as a bird’s wings) perpendicular to the direction of airflow

A

Lift

67
Q

the pressure of a flowing fluid, or of movement through a fluid such as air or water. You feel it when the wind blows against your face

A

Dynamic Pressure

68
Q

a suitably shaped object- such as an airplane wing or bird wing-that creates lift when placed in a current of flowing air

A

airfoil

69
Q

the distance between the tips of the fully extended wings of a living bird

A

wingspan

70
Q

unpowered flight, as in birds that are flying without flapping their wings

A

gliding flight

71
Q

the curvature of the wings as seen through a cross-section; highly cambered wings are more arched and therefore the upper and lower surfaces are less symmetrical

A

camber

72
Q

in a flying bird, the angle between the main surface of the wing and the oncoming airstream

A

angle of attack

73
Q

the small “thumb” of a bird’s wing that bears three to five small, asymmetrical flight feathers

A

alula

74
Q

a force on a moving object through a fluid (such as air). induced drag comes from accelerating air to produce lift; pressure and friction drag are due to air colliding with moving past the object

A

drag

75
Q

the ratio of an object’s length to its width. In birds, it refers to the shape of the wing: birds with higher aspect ratios generally have more pointed wings

A

aspect ratio

76
Q

the angle at which a gliding bird descends through the air

A

glide angle

77
Q

in a bird, the portion of the force generated by the flapping wings that propels the bird forward

A

thrust

78
Q

for birds, the total power required to match the various forms of drag and thereby maintain flight

A

aerodynamic power

79
Q

the flight speed that maximizes time in the air for a given amount of energy

A

minimum power speed

80
Q

the flight speed that maximizes the distance traveled for a given amount of energy

A

Maximum range speed

81
Q

a common flight style among small and medium-sized birds that consists of flapping phases interspersed with flexed-wing bounds or extended-wing glides

A

intermittent flight

82
Q

a type of soaring in which a bird derives lift from the air currents that are deflected upward when wind strikes a hill or ridge, or from rising eddies created when wind spills over a cliff

A

slope soaring

83
Q

a type of soaring in which birds use rising air thermals–rising columns of warm air–to gain weight

A

thermal soaring

84
Q

is a measure of how much load each unit area of wing must carry when a bird is in flight

A

Wing loading

85
Q

when applied to flying birds, components of the birds aerodynamic structures that cause the bird to return to an original flight posture when it is disrupted by an outside force (such as wind) without flapping or other active movements

A

passive stability

86
Q

the regular, seasonal movement of an individuals away from, and back to, the breeding grounds

A

migration

87
Q

the movement of an individual from breeding site to another

A

dispersal

88
Q

the tendency to return ti the same location in successive years

A

philopatry

89
Q

the non-migratory movements involved in the daily activities of birds

A

local movements

90
Q

birds that remain in the same area year round

A

residents

91
Q

a pattern in which the timing and distance of migration changes from year to year in response to varying environmental conditions

A

facultative migration

92
Q

a pattern in which individuals migrate to the same areas on the same schedule every year

A

obligate migration

93
Q

a pattern in which some individuals within a population or species are migrants and others are non-migratory residents

A

partial migration

94
Q

refers to birds that move irregularly, rather than in a predictable migration, usually in response to highly variable food resources or other environmental variations

A

nomadic

95
Q

the degree to which individuals breeding in a particular region to the same overwintering region

A

migratory connectivity

96
Q

the degree to which two breeding populations are connected by dispersal and gene flow

A

population connectivity

97
Q

a pattern in which the individuals at the extreme of the breeding distribution migrate farthest, in the process traveling past birds that breed and winter in intermediate

A

leapfrog migration

98
Q

seasonal migration up or down mountain slopes

A

altitudinal migration

99
Q

refers to seasonal migration in the southern hemisphere, in which birds typically move north in the fall and south in the spring

A

austral migration

100
Q

locations where 2 populations of the same species with different migratory orientation meet and potentially interbreed

A

migratory divides

101
Q

locations where migrating birds fuel up just before, or in a pause, during migration

A

staging areas

102
Q

locations where migrating birds take a short break to rest, eat and drink for maintenance, and/or await favorable migratory conditions

A

stopover sites

103
Q

general routes used by large numbers of migrants of many species

A

flyways

104
Q

a pattern in which the migrating individuals of a species are spread across a wide area rather than concentrated into narrower flyways.

A

broad-fronted migration

Ornithology (4 decks)

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