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Research Methods > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describes the sample (can be known)

A

Statistic

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2
Q

Describes the population (usually can’t be known)

A

Parameter

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3
Q

Allows you to make predictions from data; you take data from samples and make generalizations about a population

A

Inferential Statistics

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4
Q

Simply summaries data in a meaningful way

A

Descriptive Statistics

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5
Q

Taking statistics from your sample data and using it to say something about a population parameter

A

Estimating parameters

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6
Q

Assumes no difference or association between the populations from which samples are drawn; to-be-tested hypothesis

A

Null Hypothesis (H0)

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7
Q

Is accepted (NOT PROVEN) if evidence suggests results obtained would be unlikely if the null hypothesis were true; assumes some difference or association

A

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

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8
Q

Independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable for the population….

A

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

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9
Q

What are the three components of writing a hypothesis?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Clarity
  3. Testability
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10
Q

Assigning values (numbers) to objects or events based on agreed-upon rules

A

Measurement

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11
Q

Obtain values from a device (ruler, visipitch, spectrograph)

A

Instrumental

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12
Q

Trained individual judges quality or occurrence of events (e.g. severity ratings, stuttering frequency)

A

Observational

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13
Q

T/F: A behavioral test instrument may yield observational data.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What is the order of level of measurements from weakest to strongest?

A

Nominal, ordinal, ration, and interval

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15
Q

Categorical - items are assigned to different, mutually exclusive categories. Ex. religion, gender, ethnicity

A

Nominal Scale

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16
Q

Ordinal, interval, and ration are all termed….

A

Continuous (things can be ordered)

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17
Q

You can’t tell if the difference between times is equal from one rank to the next (ex. severity index, size, stimulus complexity, class rank)

A

Ordinal Data

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18
Q

Constant distance between equal intervals on the scale is maintained (2-1 = 3-2)

A

Interval Scale

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19
Q

Can identify equivalent ratio values across the scale; One thing IS twice as much as something else; a true zero point exists

A

Ratio Scale

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20
Q

Indicates how likely it is that a result occurred by chance alone; measures the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis

A

Probability value

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21
Q

T/F: Smaller p-value indicates stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Nondirectional; null hypothesis of no difference (or association); alternative hypothesis - a difference exists

A

Two-tailed test

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23
Q

Directional; alternative hypothesis - goes in only one direction; null hypothesis, no difference

A

One-tailed test

24
Q

T/F: One tailed test tends to ignore evidence in the wrong direction

A

TRUE

25
Q

T/F: Two-tailed test is more conservative (safer)

A

TRUE

26
Q

Assumes that the population measured is normally distributed (bell-shaped, not skewed, not too peaky or flat)

A

Parametric Tests

27
Q

Informally describes the degree to which the distribution is symmetrical

A

Skewness

28
Q

Informally, describes the “peakedness” and the shape of the tails of the distribution

A

Kurtosis

29
Q

Direction of the relationship

A

Sign (positive or negative)

30
Q

Degree of predictability

A

Strength

31
Q

y tend to increase when x increases is…..

A

Positive association

32
Q

y tends to decrease when x increases

A

Negative Association

33
Q

Score on x tells you nothing about what the corresponding score on y is likely to be (no positive or negative trend is visible in the plot of the paired points)

A

No association

34
Q

What tell you how much information knowing one variable gives you about the other - whether positive or negative

A

Strength of Association

35
Q

When the correlation between two variables is caused by another (third) variable, with which both are correlated

A

Third Variable Effect

36
Q

Want to know whether there is a relationship between two things - both continuous

A

Associations

37
Q

Want to know whether differences in performance can be found - across groups or tasks

A

Difference

38
Q

When are independent sample t-tests used?

A

When comparing the mean of one population to the mean of another population

39
Q

When are paired sample t-tests used?

A

When interested in the difference between two variables for the sample population

40
Q

What we really want to know

A

Population Parameters

41
Q

What we can know

A

Statistics of Samples

42
Q

P-value is less than or equal to 0.05 means…

A

Statistically significant

43
Q

P-value is greater than 0.05 means…

A

Not significant

44
Q

Two groups differ without specifying direction

A

two-tailed hypothesis

45
Q

the mean in a sample group will be less than the mean in a comparison group

A

one-tailed hypothesis

46
Q

Does positive skew lean towards the left or to the right?

A

Right

47
Q

Does negative skew lean towards the left or the right?

A

Left

48
Q

Non-parametric version of correlation; does not assume normal distribution; requires ordinal data

A

Spearman’s Rho

49
Q

Parametric statistic; requires interval or ratio data; assumes a normal distribution and equal variance for each variable; range -1 to 1

A

Pearson’s r

50
Q

What type of question is….

Are scores on tests of phonological awareness predictive of later reading ability?

A

Association

51
Q

What type of question is…..

Do subjects perform better on a task following training?

A

Difference

52
Q

one independent variable with more than two levels

A

One-way ANOVA

53
Q

used to determine which pairs of means are significantly different from each other

A

Post-hoc Tests

54
Q

Allows the researcher to manipulate two factors at a time; two independent variables

A

Two-way ANOVA

55
Q

more than two independent variables

A

Three-way ANOVA

Research Methods (3 decks)

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