Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the three elements of EBP?
Clinical Expertise, Client Perspective, and Evidence
What is the process of EBP?
Frame clinical question, Gather evidence, Assess the evidence, and Make your clinical decision
What does PICO stand for?
P stands for population/problem. I stands for intervention/issue C, stands for comparison/control. O stands for outcome.
Is cognitive rehabilitation and effective treatment for improving cognitive-communication and adults with TBI? What’s the PICO?
P: Adults with TBI
I: Cognitvie Rehab
C: no treatment
O: improved cognitive communication
For children with severe to profound hearing loss, what is the effect of cochlear implants compared with hearing aids on speech and language development? What is the PICO?
P: children with severe to profound hearing loss
I: cochlear implant
C: hearing aids
O: speech and language development
Are acceptable noise levels different in adult cochlear implant users, and an adult listeners with normal hearing? What is the PICO?
P: adults
I: cochlear implant
C: normal hearing
O: acceptable noise levels
No theory (no prior knowledge) is driving the investigation (empiricism)
Inductive
A great deal of prior knowledge frames the investigation (rationalism)
Deductive
Tightly controlled research conducted for the sake of knowledge, and does not solve problems, develop treatments, or consider human needs (animal research)
Basic Research
Conducted to address problems, inherent in the human condition (or other issues within the physical)
Applied Research
A collection of hypotheses that together explain and make predictions about a phenomenon or behavior
Scientific theory
A physical mathematical, or computational representation of a theory which produces results or behavior that can be compared to real world data
Scientific model 
Group, differences, developmental, trends, or relationships among factors through the use of objective measurements
Descriptive research
Causation through observation of the consequent affects of manipulating certain events or characteristics under controlled conditions
Experimental Research
Presents topic in general way, background for the reader, definitions or description of processes, addresses issues of terminology
General statement of the problem
Lays out the justification for the study in question. Consist of the proposition and premises. Supported with evidence.
Rationale
Existing data or information suggests an outcome. Generalizes from existing information.
Argument by induction
Basing premise on something similar, and making hypotheses
Argument by analogy
Based on observation by author - not sufficient alone
Argument by example/anecdotal
Knowledge conveyed via recognized expert (may or may not have data)
Argument by authority
Theory in the area suggest a certain pattern, which may be supported by data. Proposition must follow from the premises.
Argument by deduction
Assumption made not relying on logic (emotion, fashion, etc.)
Fallacies of reason
Use of evidence that is not really relevant to the specific question. False dilemma. Masking weakness with extra facts that are not really related to the main point.
Fallacies of distraction
False promises based on an adequate data or misinterpreting or purposely ignoring evidence, not in line with desired outcome
Fallacies of induction
Addresses the specific questions to be answered in the study
Statement of purpose
Portion and to which the rationale, statement of purpose, and specific purpose may be woven. Place is the problem in perspective — addresses previous research on the topic.
Review of the Literature
What hypotheses is based on what is known?
Working hypothesis (tentative)
What hypothesis is based on theory and rational thought?
Research hypothesis (STRONGEST)
What hypotheses is alternative to working or research hypothesis?
Null hypothesis (WEAKEST)
Putting the human description before the disorder. EX, children with phonological disorders; adults who stutter, etc.
Person-first language
First place the information appears in print
Primary
Purpose is to summarize, critique, explain, or interpret primary sources for a more general audience. Should site all sources.
Secondary
Surface level overview of a subject. Least useful for EBP purposes.
Tertiary
Measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year
Impact factor
The specific research question posed in an article or ask by clinician in EBP in the form of a PICO question.
Foreground question
Asked/provides more general information about a topic, population, issue, etc.
Background question
Look to see what is happening
Descriptive
Change something and see what happens
Experimental
Part descriptive, part experimental
Combined
Often seen as the cause of a change may be a condition associated with a given group
Independent Variable
Often seen as the outcome of manipulation of independent variables
Dependent Variable
Effects of two values of one IV on DV (two levels)
Bivalent Experiments
Effects of several values of IV on DV
Multivalent Experiments
Simultaneous effects of more than 1 IV on DV (more than one independent)
Parametric Experiments
Investigate physiological development of speech breathing in infants; language comp in preadolescents, adolescents, young adults
Developmental
Compare the acoustic characteristics of phonation and intonation produced by speakers with Down Syndrome
Comparative
Overall effect of a given independent variable
Main Effect
Effect of one independent variable separated by the levels of the other independent variable (two way)
Interaction
Does not typically generate numerical data; orientated towards understanding the human experience
Qualitative Research
Gathering of information by describing behavior as “comprehensively and accurately as possible” (3 main types)
Observational Research
Participants does not know observation is happening
Covert
Researcher is present, so participant knows about observation, but researcher doesn’t directly interact
Overt
Researcher interacts directly with the participant; may ask questions
Participatory
Involves face to face interaction and is a form of participatory observation
Interview Research
Uses storytelling, or personal narratives to describe condition in a naturalistic way
Narrative Research
Study gathers data in depth on a particular individual or small number of individuals
Case study research
Both quantitative and qualitative methodology; ask more open-ended questions (qualitatively), in order to determine what variables to focus on in a quantitative study
Mixed-methods research
The “average”
Mean
Variation there is from the average
Standard deviation
Appears most often in the data set
Mode
The meddle number in the set of ordered data points
Median
