Exam 3

Question 1

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
ex)

Question 2

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

energy transfer or transformation leads to increased disorder or randomness
ex)

Question 3

entropy

Answer 3

measure of randomness (ΔS)
ex)

Question 4

enthalpy

Answer 4

heat content or total potential energy (ΔH)
ex)

Question 5

free energy

Answer 5

expression combining entropy and enthalpy (ΔG)
-unaffected by enzyme activity

Question 6

relationship between entropy, enthalpy, free energy

Answer 6

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

Question 7

endergonic

Answer 7

net release of free energy (-ΔG)
ex)

Question 8

exergonic

Answer 8

net absorption of energy (+ΔG)
ex)

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell

Question 10

anabolism

Answer 10

synthesis processes
ex) photosynthesis

Question 11

catabolism

Answer 11

breakdown processes
ex)

Question 12

endothermic

Answer 12

net consumption of heat (+ΔH)
ex) ice melting (colder than its surroundings)

Question 13

exothermic

Answer 13

net release of heat (-ΔH)
ex) fire burning (hotter than its surroundings)

Question 14

RuBisCO

Answer 14

key regulatory enzyme in Calvin cycle, most abundant enzyme on earth

Question 15

calvin cycle inputs

Answer 15

CO2, ATP, NADPH

Question 16

calvin cycle outputs

Answer 16

CH2O, ADP+Pi, NADP+

Question 17

Vmax

Answer 17

maximum velocity enzyme can reach under substrate concentration

Question 18

Km

Answer 18

(median constant) substrate concentration at which the velocity is half the Vmax

Question 19

competitive inhibition

Answer 19

interferes with active site of enzyme (same Vmax, greater Km)

Question 20

non-competitive inhibition

Answer 20

binds to enzyme away from active site (lower Vmax, same Km)
ex) allosteric regulation,, changes shape of enzyme

Question 21

uncompetitive inhibition

Answer 21

binds to enzyme after substrate binds to active site (lower Vmax, higher Km)

Question 22

feedback regulation

Answer 22

when the product of an enzymatic process accumulates and inhibits the activity of the enzyme

Question 23

where does respiration occur?

Answer 23

glycolysis- cytoplasm
Acetyl CoA formation- mitochondria
krebs cycle- matrix
oxidative phosphorylation- inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 24

redox reactions

Answer 24

oxidation- gain of oxygen, loss of electrons
reduction- loss of oxygen, gain of electrons

Question 25

glycolysis (where, inputs + outputs

Answer 25

-occurs in cytoplasm
1. glucose + ATP -> glucose6-phosphate + ADP (glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase)
3.

Question 26

ATP synthesis

Answer 26

oxidative phosphorylation- mitochondria, catalyzed by ATP synthase, chemiosmotic
substrate level phosphorylation- cytoplasm, catalyzed by kinases