Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cells And Systems > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How do organism use the acquired nutrients?

A

Amino acids get used up
Carbohydrates and lipids get burned as fuel
Energy is briefly stored as ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Energy is released

A

ADP and the third phosphate group is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Energy is consumed

A

ATP third phosphate group is added
Energy is used for membrane transport, cellular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glucose for through why kind of reaction

A

Combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Combustion process

A

Burning glucose with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water
Glucose to CO2 will releases energy and some energy is stored by taking ADP and phosphate and making ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carbon atoms are oxidized during ADP+PO4 becoming ATP

A

Loss of electrons
Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon
Keeps more of the shared electrons
Carbon loses electron density
We need to count the number of bonds to oxygen

C 4 hydrogen most reduced carbon
C four bond o. Is the most oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is carbon oxidized

A

In cell metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Every oxidation must be followed by a

A

Reduction
Biologically done by a coenzyme
Vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

NAD + IS

A

Oxidized
A small molecule that is derived from a small B vitamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

NADH is

A

Reduced
Also has a free floating proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coenzyme

A

Small molecule that is necessary for enzymes to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bucket analogy with NAD and NADH

A

When the bucket is empty it is NAD
And when it is full with 2 protons it is NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When NADH is reduced it is

A

High energy
Due to the 2 electrons carrying the energy with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Second coenzyme

A

FAD oxidized AND FADH2 reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bucket analogy

A

FADH2 high energy
FAD low energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Transition step
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport
Chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose with 6 carbon dioxide
Taking NAD and FAD(oxidized) to NADH and FADH2 (reduced)
-DH (ADP) to -AD(ATP)

Follow the carbon atoms
Follow the energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glycolysis properties

A

Sugar cutting
Universal metabolic pathway
Cytosol
Anaerobic
Cut glucose and partially oxidized
Makes ATP and NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of enzyme linked reactions
Moving metabolically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

10 steps

A

To go from glucose to 2 pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Investment phase

A

Taking ATP and using it
Taking 6c and cutting it into 2 3c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Payoff phase

A

Making 2 ATP and high energy 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Typically glucose enters through

A

GLUT (facilitator transporter-follows it’s concentration gradient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Step 1 glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase 

A

Once, in the cytosol hexokinase is a first enzyme to initiate glycolysis

Taking glucose and an ATP and making glucose 6 phosphate plus ADP
EXERGONIC REACTION due to ATP investment
Glucose six phosphate is trapped in the cytosol, and can’t exit through GLUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme that move around phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Step 2 glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

A

Aldehyde to ketone (movement of where the double bone is placed between carbon and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Step 3 fructose 6 phosphate is phosphorylated again

A

We add another phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
Making the reaction fructose 6 phosphate plus ATP goes = fructose 1,6 biphosphate plus ADP

EXERGONIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Step 4 cutting (lysis step)

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is cut down the middle which produces 2 different 3carbon compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Step five

A

Convert molecule with double bond in the middle with the molecule that has double bond at the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Payoff phase overall

A

Everything is done twice per glucose
Extracting energy out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glycolysis input

A

Glucose
2 ATP
4 ADP
2 NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glycolysis output

A

2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 ADP
2NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Glycolysis “follow the energy”

A

Net input: glucose, 2ADP,2NAD ENERGY COMES FROM GLUCOSE
Net output: 2 pyruvate,2 ATP, 2 NADH ENERGY LEAVES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Transition step

A

Pyruvate oxidation
Move carbon atoms from cytosol into mitochondria
Carbon is oxidized
One CO2 released per pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mitochondria are complicated organelles

A

Two independent phospholipid bilateral; outer and inner membrane
More inner membrane than outer membrane

Three spaces: cytosol inter-membrane space, matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria

A

Spans between the outer membrane and inner membrane
Big enough protein to cross two phospholipid bilayers
Acts as a transporter for pyruvate into the matrix
Twice per glucose
PD cuts pyruvate (cutting carbon 3 which gets oxidized) into acetly group
CO2 moves fast through phospholipid bilayers diffuse across mitochondrial membrane out into the blood
NAD+ is reduced to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Because acetyl is highly active

A

Gets attached to a handle CoA temporarily chaperone that prevents acetly acid from doing unwanted reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Follow the carbon atoms pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

3c pyruvate to CO2 and AC-COA (2C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Follow the energy pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Pyruvate to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Citric acid cycle general

A

Happens in mitochondrial matrix
Finish oxidizing carbon atoms
Store energy in reduced coenzymes
Cyclic metabolic pathway
Also called tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

4c molecule that uses AC-COA , COA is released 6c compound and so on and so fourth individual carbon units are getting lost to CO2 within those individual units NAD turns to NADH

EVENTUALLY you’ll do GTP AND GDP AND THEN you’ll oxidize FAD TO FADH then back NAD and NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Step one citric acid

A

Starting with 4c compound oxaloacetic acid and acetyl COA
Citrate synthase takes OAA and takes carbon from acetly COA to make citrate acid and CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Citric acid cycle GDP to GTP

A

Energy is consumed to make an extra phosphate
Guanosine di phosphate and guanosine triphosphate
GTP turns to ATP by removing high energy phosphate and gluing it on ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Input AC COA 2c per pyruvate, 2pyruvate per glucose
Output two co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Citric acid follow the energy

A

Input: acetyl group
Output; 3NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP OR GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

electron transport and chemiosmosis will be placed together

A

as oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

goal of oxidative phosphorylation

A

re-oxidize coenzymes and transfer energy to ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where does electron transport take place

A

in the mitochondrial inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

electron transport chain then

A

re-oxidizes the coenzyme which allows the citric acid cycle to continue to the chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

within electron transport, energy is not transferred as ATP but as

A

proton electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

in the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Complex 1

A

multiprotein complex embedded in the membrane that receives NADH (2 high energy electrons) as a transmembrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

complex one

A

once NADH brings the 2 high energy electron to the transmembrane protein, then it takes the 2 high energy electrons and turns NADH to NAD+ as a result,
Complex 1 is then reduced (temporarily holds to 2 electrons)
NAD+ then goes to the Citric Acid cycle or it wont continue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is necessary for the citric acid cycle to function

A

NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Complex 1 passes 2 electrons to COQ

A

Phospholipids draw static move CoQ due to their tails moving side by side
COQ and Complex1 fit together. COQ picks up the 2 electrons. As a result, CoQ is now reduced and Complex 1 is oxidized. CoQ and 2 electrons drift away from complex 1 (fluid mosaic model)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

CoQ and the 2 electrons

A

fluid mosaic lateral drift eventually leads COQ to complex 3. CoQ docks 2 electrons to complex 3. Oxidized CoQ and reduced Complex 3.
CoQ goes back to complex 1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Complex 3 and Cytochrome C

A

Cytochrome C moves along the phospholipid bilayer reducing complex 3 and oxidizing cytochrome C. Cytochrome C then moves along to Complex IV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Complex 4

A

picks up 2 electrons from cytochrome C.
Complex 4 passes electrons to oxygen. ONLY PLACE WE NEED OXYGEN
Oxygen picks up to electrons and makes molecular water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how we breathe

A

oxygen picks up 2 electrons from complex 4.
serves as a terminal electron sync (Picks up electrons that are used already)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Electron transport

A

high energy NAD to complex 1-complex 4 to low energy electrons in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

why don’t the electrons go backwards?

A

NADH is extremely high molecule, so free energy (G)
as we pass the electrons to complex 1 the energy lowers and so on so forth
Electrons are losing energy as they move along the electron transport chain
if they went backwards , there would have to gain a lot of energy but since there is no pump to give energy the flow continues an exergonic way of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What happened to that energy

A

neither created nor destroyed, the energy is used to move proton. (active transport) Complex 1 moves proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

complex 1 can move

A

proton

66
Q

inner membrane space of the mitochondria

A

higher acidity (7.2) than matrix (7.8) due to the higher proton concentration that is being transferred from complex 1.
Going against a chemical gradient

67
Q

we need to consider the huge membrane potential

A

-180 internal is far more negatively charged that the ims

68
Q

ETC chemical and chemical

A

going against the chemical gradient and electrical gradient

69
Q

Complex 1, 3 and 4

A

as they receive the 2 electrons, they strip some energy and pump up protons onto the inner membrane space, lower energy electron is stored up in the proton
when they get low energy the pump up proton
**they get h Peyton’s from low concentration and pumps it up to the high concentration

70
Q

energy transfer in ETC

A

NADH to proton chemical gradient

71
Q

What about FADH2?

A

Complex 2 picks up electrons from FADH2 and reduces itself, passes electrons to COQ and then complex 3 and then cytochrome C

72
Q

COQ receives electrons from

A

Complex 1 (NADH) and Complex 2 (FADH)

73
Q

Complex 2 does not

A

move protons due to the lack of energy

74
Q

FADH2 vs NADH

A

F only 2 protons pumped per reduced coenzyme
N 3 protons pumped per reduced coenzyme

75
Q

Complex 4 needs

A

4 electrons to reduce one oxygen
requires two delivery from cytochrome c

76
Q

Failure that Complex 4 does not receive electrons fast enough

A

reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide

77
Q

NADH made in the citric acid cycle is in the (?) spot in complex 1

A

the right spot

78
Q

how do we get the NADH produced from glycolysis in the cytosol to the mitochondria?

A

electron shuttle

79
Q

electron shuttle

A

dropping off and picking up electrons
DHAP and G3P serve as electron carriers,

80
Q

How DHAP and G3P differ

A

DHAP is oxidized G3P is reduced
NADH Reduces to NAD+ and those electrons are transferred to DHAP which reduces G3P

81
Q

G3P TRANSPORT

A

has a facilitated transporter in the outer membrane of mitochondria high concentration to low concentration chemical gradient

82
Q

G3P to innermembrane

A

G3p oxydized to DHAP and moves to facilitated transport which works like FAD to FADH2

83
Q

G3P to innermembrane

A

G3p oxidizes to DHAP and moves to facilitate transport which works like FAD to FADH2
DHAP moves through a facilitated transporter to the cytosol high to low concentration able to us e it in the electron transport chain

84
Q

isozymes

A

two different enzymes, catalyzing the same reaction

85
Q

where are isozymes present in the electron shuttle

A

cytosol and inner membrane

86
Q

most other [?] enter glycolysis

A

carbohydrates, once they’re broken down to monosaccharide get, broken up and adjust to fit in the glycolysis

87
Q

starch gets eaten up by

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase and depolymerizes glucose

88
Q

Fructose

A

adds a phosphate when the cytol of a cell to carbon number 6 and we end up with fructose phosphate

89
Q

Sucrose

A

disaccharides of glucose and fructose cut up

90
Q

Fatty acids

A

oxidized in mitochondria through beta-oxidation

91
Q

the first step to beta oxidation

A

attaching a molecule of CO enzyme A (same as transition state)

92
Q

Beta oxidation

A

start with 14 carbon fatty acid NAD is inserted and reduces as NADH+
FAD enters and reduces as FADH2
left with Acetly CoA (two carbon CoA) and short and fatty acid
leaves as carbon fatty acid
gets shorter and shorter

93
Q

left over Ac-CoA goes straight to

A

citric acid cycle from citric synthase

94
Q

14 carbon fatty acid goes through 7 cycles of B-oxidation

A

produces 7 Acetly-CoA+ 7NADH 7FADH

95
Q

left over FADH and NADH go to

A

oxidative phosphorylation through complex 1 and 2 and will be turned to ATP or ADP+PO4

96
Q

each turn in the citric acid cycle (7 cycles of citric acid cycle)

A

14 Co2+ 7ATP (or GTP) + 21NADH 7 FADH

97
Q

Amino Acid can be used to synthesize new protein or

A

burned for energy

98
Q

20 different amino acids

A

20 different paths

99
Q

Amino acid process begins with

A

deamination (getting rid of the amine group
once it is modified it can go into the citric acid cycle

100
Q

o2 is only needed by

A

terminal electron acceptor used as a substrate for complex 4

101
Q

without o2

A

oxidative phosphorylation stops
complex 4 cant move any electrons
electrons backup through electron transport chain
NAD+ and FADH2 plumet

102
Q

if oxidative phosphorylation stops

A

the citric acid cycle stops due to the lack of oxidative coenzymes

103
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

organisms live without O2 and survive without o2

104
Q

glycolysis does not need o2

A

directly
net yield+
2 atp

105
Q

when you keep running glycolysis

A

theres an enzyme problem- NAD plus levels go down and down but NADH go up

106
Q

If NAD+ doesnt work

A

glycolysis does not work

107
Q

fermentation step

A

in humans happens within enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (3carbon)
pyruvate (product of glycolysis) is reduced while NADH is oxidized
and lactate is a product of this reaction

108
Q

glycolysis + fermentation equal

A

anaerobic metabolism

fast but inefficient
fermentation from lactate deyhydrogenase

109
Q

fermentation

A

lactate dehydrogenase

110
Q

lactate

A

leaves any muscle cell that produces it by facilitated transported
water soluble dissolves in the plasma

111
Q

what absorbs lactate

A

the liver
different isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase
converted back to pyruvate
same reaction as the muscle but in reverse
lactate is oxidized to pyruvate and NAD is reduced to NADH

112
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate to glucose
pyruvate runs “glycolysis backwards”
7 get shared between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
consumes 2 NADH and 6 ATP per glucose

113
Q

Cori cycle

A

liver produces glucose which gives it to the muscle. The muscle takes it through glycolysis and produces lactate from glycogen. The lactate from the muscle cell is taken to the liver through gluconeogenesis

114
Q

ATP provides a very [?} term energy storage

A

short

115
Q

at low energy demands

A

high energy phosphates are stored

116
Q

High energy sources

A

creatine

117
Q

creative stores

A

high energy phosphates

118
Q

creatine kinase

A

takes ATP and removes a phosphate and moves it over toCreatine Phosphate
ADP goes through oxidative phosphorylation

When high energy demand. Creatine kinase takes the phosphate from creatine phosphate, add it to ADP to make ATP

119
Q

Energy can be stored as

A

glucose or glycogen (glucose polymer) mostly in the liver and muscle

120
Q

energy can also be stored as triglycerides in

A

adipose tissue
you have to make Ac CoA first –> fatty acids
very high energy density
more efficient way of strong energy
mass/mass

121
Q

Energy storage speed and capacity

A

ATP fast low capacity
Creatine
GLycogen
Triglycerides Slow High capacity

122
Q

Synthesizing glucose from

A

CO2 to make sucrose, starch and other carbohydrates

123
Q

photosynthesis is highly

A

endergonic

124
Q

In glucose we will

A

build carbon dioxide to glucose adding in energy

125
Q

Photosynthesis is a very reduced pathway

A

taking Co2 and reducing it to Glucose
as we reduce Carbon we will oxidize water to oxygen

126
Q

reduction

A

adding a hydrogen

127
Q

oxidation

A

removing a hydrogen

128
Q

Following the carbon atoms and energy transfers in

A

photosynthesis

129
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

capture energy from light
store in reduced coenzyme (NADPH) and ATP

130
Q

Light independent reactions

A

carbon fixations (CO2 stops being a gas and begins being incorporated to carbohydrate molecules)
calvin cycle (metabolic pathway)
consumes ATP and re-oxidized coenzyme (NADP)

131
Q

NADP

A

phosphate on riboglucose at the bottom
no difference in chemical energy that can be stored
picks up high energy electrons
enzymes discriminates based on the phosphate at the bottom
synthetic reactions taking harvested energy for larger moleucles

132
Q

many organisms are photosynthetic

A

microbials also use photosynthesis

133
Q

where is the major site of photosynthesis in plants

A

leaf mesophyll cells occurring at the chloroplast

134
Q

gas exchange in plants occurs in

A

stomata which open or close to the needs of the plants (acts as a lungs)

135
Q

chloroplast structure

A

outer membrane, innner membrane, thylakoid membrane
with four spaces: cytosol. intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoid lumen

136
Q

where does the action happen in the chloroplast

A

thylakoid membrane seperated in stroma and thylakoid lumen

137
Q

light spectrum

A

as radiation we see between 400 and 800 nm

138
Q

{/} wavelengths of lioght are absorbed by plant pigments

A

some

139
Q

chlorophyll

A

blue light and red light from the sun got absorbed
green light got reflected which is why the pants are green

140
Q

chlorophyll molecules (and others) are held in a

A

large photosystem complex within the thylakoid membrane
has phospholipid bi layer -is a large disc that has many proteins within those two membranes

141
Q

what makes up the photosystem complex

A

protein and chlorophyll

142
Q

each photosystem contains many

A

chlorophyll and related molecules to increase the chances of the light photon to hits a chlorophyll

143
Q

antenna complex

A

areas (chlorophyll) that are waiting to capture the radio signal (light photon)
light captured from the sun will cause the affected chlorophyll to activate a chain reaction of chlorophyll being activated which eventually reaches the reaction center

144
Q

reaction center

A

pair of molecules that are able to use that energy given from the sun

145
Q

at the reaction center

A

light energy is converted to chemical energy
an electron pair is moved to a higher energy state and becomes energized
transferred through different proteins and then out of the photosystem

146
Q

photosystem

A

electrons are stolen from the water making the water oxidized which produces oxygen

147
Q

process so far

A

light energizes electrons, those energized electrons leave and then take electrons from water to replace those electrons and then those will be energized when another photon comes

148
Q

the photon of light hits photosystem 2

A

takes electrons away from water and energizes
oxygen can leave by simple diffusion to the stomata and being released to the atmosphere

149
Q

energized electrons

A

go through the chloroplast between the stroma and thylakoid lumen

150
Q

electron transport chain of chloroplast

A

passing energized electrons to Plastoquinone
PQ moves via fluid mosaic model and takes it to cytochrome complex
cytochrome complex passes energized electrons to plastocyanin
PC diffuses to photosystem 1 with energized electrons
now energized electrons get handed to NADP+ reductase (reduces NADP+ to NADH)

151
Q

At photosystem 1 energized electrons

A

have lost most of their energy thus are re-energized with new sunlight

152
Q

Again, why don’t electrons move backwards

A

energy is being used to go through the electron train transport, to go backwards it so acquire energy that is nowhere to be found

153
Q

where did the energy go?

A

cytochrome complex pumps protons to the thylakoid lumen
cytochrome complex in the bilayer saves some of the energy and pumps protons into the lumen protons are being pushed against their electrical gradient
lumen will be more acidic than stroma

154
Q

what can we do with the proton gradient

A

ATP synthase can exist as a protein to serve as a proton gradient that will allow protons to move with the electrical gradient into the stroma and mate with endergonic synthase with ADP

155
Q

Light-dependent reaction. Energy transferred from {} to {} and {}

A

water to cytochrome complex and atp synthase

156
Q

we produce ATP and NADH to power carbon fixation but ratio is off within carbon fixation cycle

A

we need more ATP per NADPH

157
Q

fix the ratio of carbon fixation

A

allow a different pathway at photosystem one
which can transfer energized electrons to NADP reductase or PQ
ALWAYS come from Plastocyanin

158
Q

energy diagram noncyclic electron flow

A

energized electrons from photosystem one can move to plastoquinone or plastocyanin
MAKES ATP but not NADPH

159
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

not directly dependent on light
carbon fixation reactions
cyclic metabolic pathway in the stoma (calvin cycle, calvin-benson cycle, carbon fixation cycle)

160
Q

key enzyme is rubisco

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase MOST ABUNDANT ENZYME
due to the low velocity
5c + CO2—> 2 3C

once every six cycles
two 3C molecules leave

161
Q

3 carbon from rubisco

A

go through a similar process as gluconeogenesis to build up a glucose molecule
glucose can be made into sucrose, starch, cellulose, and other carbohydrates
can be exported from mesophyll cells to feed the rest of the plant

Cells And Systems (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions