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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

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2
Q

trait

A

a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking or feeling

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3
Q

idiographic approach

A

creating detailed description of a specific persons unique personality characteristics in an attempt to understand that person better

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4
Q

nomothetic approach

A

examining personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

i.e. “what personality characteristics are linked to excessive alcohol consumption”

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5
Q

Psychodynamic theories of personality

A

relate personality to the interplay of conflicting ‘energy dynamics’ within the individual

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6
Q

What is freud’s legacy

A

he started psychotherapy

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7
Q

the mind consists of 3 structures (freud)

A

the id, ego and superego

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8
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

basic representation of the mind

the idea that we have an unconscious and conscious mind

most of our thinking is in the unconscious (think about the iceberg)

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9
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

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10
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

we are not aware of the push-pull that we go through every day

only a small part of mental life is conscious

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11
Q

id

A

represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression

please principle: do what feels good

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12
Q

superego

A

comprised of our values and moral standards

internalized values telling us what we ought to do (our conscience)

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13
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego

do vs. don’t

operates on the reality principle

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14
Q

anxiety

A

is produced when the components are imbalanced (when the id and superego are in conflict)

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15
Q

“personality” (Freud)

A

emerges from the interplay of the id, ego and superego.

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16
Q

defender mechanism

A

are unconscious strategies the Ego uses to keep the Id’s impulses out of conscious awareness and balance the competing demands of pleasure, reality and morality

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17
Q

denial

A

when people refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening, that they have a problem, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion

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18
Q

reaction formation

A

behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

expressing feelings of purity when experiencing unconscious feelings about sex

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19
Q

rationalization

A

creating false but plausible exudes to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviours

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20
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing desires or wishes from conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

from Freud’s “the Id and the Ego”

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21
Q

projection

A

seeing one’s own traits in other people, especially if seeing that threatening trait in others helps the individual to avoid recognizing it in their self

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22
Q

what should you beware of with personality quizzes?

A

view them as a source of amusement

they are not accurate

good research into personality produces a much more nuanced view than just “you’re this type of that type”

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23
Q

displacement

A

altering the target of one’s urges

i.e. angry at boss: come home and yell at children instead

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24
Q

catharsis

A

that one can reduce these anxieties by “working them out” on unrelated targets

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25
Q

identification

A

alleviate concerns about self-worth by unconsciously assuming the characteristics of another person

this can be good!

i.e. identification with one’s parents results in the formation of the superego

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26
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even pro-social alternatives

i.e. aggressive impulses channeled into sports

or

could have lustful feelings that are channeled into a work of art with subtle or not-so-subtle erotic undertones

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27
Q

what are the 8 defence mechanisms

A

repression
projection
displacement
reaction formation
regression
rationalization
identification
sublimation

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28
Q

empirical evidence (Baumeister, Dale, and Sommer, 1998)

A

suggested a slightly modified idea:

suggest that defence mechanisms protect self esteem— keeps us feeling good about ourselves

they don’t prevent aggressive or sexual urges that violate one’s standards

the authors suggested that when viewed this way, there is empirical evidence for reaction formation and projection but not for displacement and sublimation

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29
Q

false consensus effect

A

overestimating how many people share your traits, opinions, preferences, and motivations

i.e. people with bad behaviours such as cheating on their taxes estimate those behaviours are more common

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30
Q

How does personality develop? (freud)

A

freud had the idea that many of the problems that people have with their personalities are due to unresolved issues growing up

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31
Q

Stage theory of psychosexual development (freud):

A

freud believed that childhood could be divided into a series of important stages that focused on sexual energy, which he called “libido”

each developmental stage, the libido manifests in particular areas of the body, characterized by certain psychological conflicts that need to be resolved.

the goal is to transition from one stage to the next.

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32
Q

Freuds psychosexual stages:

A

Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, latency, genital

A series of different forms of sexual energy into which personality develops as the child matures

conflict and anxiety at each stage must be resolved or he believd you would be fixated at that level

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33
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of each of freuds psychosexual stages?

A

A physical focus
A psychological theme
An adult character type

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34
Q

Fixation

A

a pre-occuption with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage

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35
Q

Oral stage

A

Timeframe: 0-18 months

Physical pleasure focus: actions of the mouth–sucking, chewing, swallowing

Psychological theme: basic dependence & trust

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36
Q

Anal Stage

A

Timeframe:18-36 months

Physical: Bowel elimination & control

Psychologial: sense of control & competence

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37
Q

Oral Sadistic

A

a neglected baby will be mistrustful of others

envy (wanting more), manipulation of others (using the mouth to hurt), and suspiciousness

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38
Q

Phallic Stage

A

Timeframe: 3-6 years

Physical: curiosity about one’s own body and others bodies (parents, siblings, peers)

Psychological: stage is necessary for moral identity and superego formation—identification with parents; internalization of parents values

Adult Type:

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39
Q

Latency Stage

A

Timeframe: from 6 until puberty

Physical: the sexual and aggressive drives are less active and there is little in the way of psychosexual conflict

period of relative calm

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40
Q

Genital Stage

A

Timeframe: from puberty onwards

Physical: is on the gentians and partnered intercourse

adult sexual experiences, focused on other people

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41
Q

Penis Envy

A

when girls discover that they do not have a penis.

girls redirect their sexual interest to their fathers, and then to men in general, because having a child with a man provides the girl with a penis (kind of)

“that seems great, why don’t I have one”

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42
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

children develop sexual feelings for the opposite sex parent at this stage

erotic attachment to the parent of opposite sex and feel some hostility to the same-sex parent

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43
Q

Castration Anxiety

A

boys are distressed that their mother doesn’t have a penis and assume that their father cut it off

they fear that their father will cut off their penis too

“she doesn’t have one? how did she lose it?”

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44
Q

Phallic Character

A

in men, someone who is vain of over-ambitious— they continue to be focused on their self and self-pleasure

In women, someone who is overly dominant over men or unusually seductive—argued to be rooted in continued penis envy

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45
Q

The Psychological theme

A

is the maturation and creation of life

not just about reproduction, but also about intellectual and artistic creativity (the products of sublimated libido)

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46
Q

The genital personality is not fixated at an earlier stage

A

this is the person who has worked it all out

this person is psychologically well balanced and adjusted

according to freud to achieve this state you need to have a balance of both love and work

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47
Q

Criticisms of Freud

A

-lack of testability
-drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients
-basing theories of personality development on retrospective accounts of adults
-too much emphasis on parental influence
-sexist (women = penis envy)

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48
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Joseph Gall thought bumps on the head = IQ

Gall focused his attention upon the detailed configuration of the human head

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49
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory–based on Carl Jung’s writings:

A

he argued that people have preferences about how they use their mental capacities

i.e maybe you have a preference for taking in information

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50
Q

Jung suggested we are all different types

A

introverts vs extroverts
perceivers vs sensor
thinker vs feeler
judging vs intuition

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51
Q

Problems with the Myers-Briggs

A

lack of reliability
lack of validity
traits do not fall into categories
incomplete description of personality

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52
Q

MBTI scores are unreliable

A

as many as 3/4 of test takers get a different type when tested a second time

partly because the test assigns you to one type or the other, but people don’t work that way; traits are normally distributed

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53
Q

A physical focus (freud)

A

where the child’s energy is concentrated and their gratification obtained

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54
Q

A psychological theme (freud)

A

this is related to both the physical focus and the demands being made on the child by the outside world as he/she develops

there can be 2 extremes in psychological reaction: either doing too much or not enough of what is ideal

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55
Q

An adult character type (freud)

A

in the first three stages this adult character type is one that is related to being fixated or stuck at that stage

if a person doesn’t resolve these, they will always have problems relating to those issues

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56
Q

orally-fixated person

A

the infant who is neglected (insufficiently fed) or who is over-protected (over-fed) in the course of being nursed

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57
Q

oral dependent

A

while a coddled or over-fulfilled baby will find it hard to cope with a world that can’t meet all its demands

dependence, indulgence, entitlement, immaturity

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58
Q

anal personality types

A

which type demands, in part, upon whether parents were too strict or too lenient with toilet training and other issues of impulse control

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59
Q

anal retentive

A

need too much control “holding in”

creates rigidity, inflexibility, stinginess: an obsession with cleanliness, order and control

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60
Q

anal expulsive

A

problem with “letting it out” — sloppiness and/or a general disregard for order

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61
Q

Why do the MBTI tests have no scientific basis?

A

the categories are mutually exclusive

e.g. thinking vs feeling
is it really the case that you either like thinking or feelings?

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62
Q

Former effect (sometimes called the Barnumb effect)

A

the tendency to see ourselves in vague or general statements

after the famous catchphrase attributed to P.T. Barnum: “there’s a sucker born every minute”

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63
Q

why is Myers-Briggs popular?

A

-offers simplistic answers (“you’re this type”)
-descriptions are vague, hard to argue with
-results are usually positive: people like being told they’re outgoing, idealistic, thinkers, feelers, etc

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64
Q

Gordan Allport

A

One of the most influential psychologists in the empirical study of personality

in the 1930s, he tallied nearly 18,000 English words that could be used to describe an individuals physical and psychological attributes

organized them into groups

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65
Q

personality trait

A

a persons habitual patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
i.e. being shy

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66
Q

central traits

A

aspects of personality that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with other and reacting to new situations

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67
Q

secondary traits

A

changeable aspects of personality

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68
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical method for taking a number of wider characteristics, turn it into one “core” concept

often used to identify clusters of behaviours that are measured by a common underlying factor

i.e. an agreeable person might be someone who is helpful, liked and supportive

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69
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

used factor analysis to narrow the 17,953 traits down to key 16 personality traits

the 16 he thought were most important descriptors of personality

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70
Q

psychotism

A

vulnerability to breaks from reality or for rule breaking, and aggression

more drug friendly, care less about cleanliness, and prefer to go their own way rather than follow society’s structures

based on testosterone levels

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71
Q

extraversion

A

tendency to be out-going. Energized by social interaction

level of arousal (like to be around things that raise arousal, parties, etc)

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72
Q

Neuroticism

A

negative emotionality

tendency to be anxious, nervous and suspicious

activation threshold in sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight)

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73
Q

What did Hans Eysenck change about Cattell’s theory of personality traits?

A

he changed it from 16 key personality traits to 3 “superfactors”:
Psychoticism
Extraversion
Neuroticism

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74
Q

The Big Five

A

McCrae and Costa found that personality could be reduced to 5 major dimensions:

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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75
Q

openness

A

openness to experience versus resistance to new experience

interested in trying new things, curiosity, imagination

associated with liberal (rather than conservative) political attitudes

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76
Q

Conscientiousness

A

conscientiousness versus impulsiveness

disciplined, well organized, punctual, dependable

associated with positive health related behaviours, longevity, and high levels of achievement (higher GPAs)

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77
Q

extraversion

A

extraversion versus introversion

outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious

linked with more happiness

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78
Q

agreeableness

A

agreeable versus antagonism

sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest

associated with empathy

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79
Q

Neuroticism

A

Neurotic versus emotional stability

anxious, self conscious, moodiness (emotional instability)

associated with divorce

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80
Q

what is the “sixth factor” that has been considered to add to the big 5?

A

Honestly-Humility

High HH= sincere, honest, faithful, and modest
Low HH=deceitful, greedy, and pompous

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81
Q

what did they find about personality and behaviour?

A

the assumption was that personality dispositions have strong generalized, causal effects on behaviour

personality does not determine behaviour at all

but our behaviour is very different depending on the situation

what’s important is states

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82
Q

social-cognitive theories

A

proposed that the real consistency came from peoples personalities shaping and being shaped by the situations they encounter

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83
Q

situations and social learning

A

people display different behaviours in different contexts

central personality traits are acquired from learning history and expectations/beliefs

acknowledgement that people can have a core set of traits and their behaviour can vary across situations

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84
Q

state

A

a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour

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85
Q

what are the stable parts of ourselves called?

A

“traits” or “dispositions”

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86
Q

trait self esteem

A

a more stable quality that describes people’s general self evaluations
(won’t change over time really)

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87
Q

state self esteem

A

refers to how people feel in the moment, how they feel right now

this may fluctuate over the period of the day or even shorter periods

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88
Q

what are the 4 aspects of situations that influence how personality traits are expressed?

A

Locations (being at work, school or home)
Associations (being with friends, alone or with family)
Activities (awake, rushed, studying)
Subjective states (mad, sick, happy)

Mischief argued that situations create states, which are much more powerful than personality

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89
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

describes the interaction of mutual influence of behaviour, internal personal factors, and environmental factors; “personalities” are based on these interactions

the two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

personality is not something “inside” the person, but rather “between” the person and the environment

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90
Q

interaction of individuals and environment: internal personal factors

A

different people choose different environments

personalities shape how people interpret and react to events

personalities help create situations to which people react

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91
Q

culture

A

a program of harare rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of the community

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92
Q

Our WEIRD world

A

Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic

but 96% of psychology studies are done on weirdos and that only makes up 12% of Earth

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93
Q

National Character & Personality study (Terracciano… Trapnell er al. 2005)

A

surveyed 49 cultures in 27 languages

participants described a “typical member” of their culture and then completes the Big Five

Results:
canadians see themselves as more agreeable and open to experience, and lower in neuriticism than they actually are

americans see themselves as more extroverted, less agreeable and higher in neuroticism than they actually are

in reality, personality scores across countries are very similar

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94
Q

Trepanation

A

drilling holes in the head in order to release the demons causing “abnormal” behaviour

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95
Q

other medieval treatments

A

starved, flogged, immersion in boiling water or oil, exorcism

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96
Q

asylums

A

residential facilities for the mentally i’ll, though often applying brutal “treatments”

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97
Q

18th and 19th centuries—mental illness

A

gradually more concern for the mentally ill

developed a medical model of mental illness

treated psychological conditions as sets of symptoms, causes, and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes to alleviate symptoms

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98
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

French physician in the late 18th century

thought mentally i’ll patients were still human, treatments involve kindness, sunny rooms, baths, etc

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99
Q

Dorothy Dix

A

American activist, 19th century

raised money for hospitals for mentally ill, advocated for humane treatment

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100
Q

20th century mental illness

A

overcrowding and desintituitonalization of mental hospitals

some successes but also some failures (i.e. homeless people and schizophrenia)

what happens when schizophrenics stop taking meds?

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101
Q

how do we define mental illness?

A

is it a disease?

medical model says “yes”, this is at least partially true
i.e. schizophrenia—-strong biological basis

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102
Q

downsides of mental illness as a disease

A

it pins labels on people that potentially cause stigma
(changes how people treat them)

mentally ill people can have a hard time making friends because of this

can have difficultly finding places to live, getting jobs, etc

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103
Q

Thomas Szasz—“Anti Psychiatry” movement

A

mental illness is a social construction

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104
Q

Drapetimania

A

early 19th century term reflecting idea that slaves were suffering from this disorder which was an urge to escape slavery

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105
Q

Drapetes

A

runaway slave

106
Q

what are the consequences of being labelled mentally ill?

A

“once a person is designated abnormal, all of his other behaviours are coloured by that label”

people that were totally fine pretended to be mentally ill to get admited into a mental hospital, then the people acted normally. They treated them through a lens of “these people are schizophrenic”.

11/12 were discharged with “remission of schizophrenia “. this is rarely ever given to people who really have schizophrenia, but the 11 psychiatrists who released these subjects all acted so rational as if this was normal

107
Q

3 misperceptions of mentally illness

A
  1. disorders are incurable (in reality the majority get better)
  2. mentally ill are violent and dangerous (mostly not true)
  3. mentally ill are bizarre and different (vast majority, not true)
108
Q

Taijin Kyofusho

A

social phobia in a japeneze context
- do something that will embarrass or offend others
-i.e. blushing, emitting offensive odour, staring inappropriately, physical defects

109
Q

Where is the line between “normal” and “abnormal”?

A

3 criteria that one could use:

  1. deviance: is this really unusually/atypical?
  2. personal distress: is the individual upset/concerned?
  3. Maladaptive behaviour: is this hurting the person (or others)?
110
Q

mental disorder

A

any behaviour or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the persons ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community

111
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disprders (DSM)

A

a standardized manual to aid the diagnosis of disorders; it lists the diagnostic criteria and etiologies (causes) for different conditions

primary goal to be descriptive and to provide clear diagnostic categories

lists symptoms, onset, predisposing factors, course of disorder, prevalence, sex ratio, and cultural issues in diagnosis

112
Q

DSM-5 (2013) and what each diagnosis contains, 3 pieces

A

each diagnosis contains 3 pieces of information:

a set of symptoms and the number of symptoms that must be met in order to have the disorder

the stoplight of symptoms (the best current evidence for what causes it)

a prognosis or prediction of how these symptoms will persist or change over time

113
Q

Advantages to the new DSM

A

-reliability (decent reliability for some disprders, poor for others)

-attention to culture-bound syndromes

-attention to genetic and biological factors

114
Q

Concerns with the new DSM

A

-not based on actual research

-unclear rational for the number of symptoms necessary for diagnosis

-potential stigma and labels

-over diagnosis of conditions

-the illusion of conditions man’s universality

115
Q

what is the reason for explosion of disorders in the last 60 years?

A

economic reasons?
diagnoses are needed for insurance reasons so therapists will be compensated

116
Q

diagnoses and the law

A

mental disorder is not the same as insanity: legal term only involving mental illness and whether person is aware of consequences and can control their behaviour

not criminally responsible on account of Mental Disorder: basically no person is criminally responsible for any act committed while suffering from a mental disorder

117
Q

public misperceptions about The insanity defence…

A
  1. is often used (only used 1% of the time)
  2. when used is often successful (reality less than 25% success rate)
  3. often results in release when successful (absolute release is only 1% of the time)
  4. is used by extremely dangerous individuals (most instances are trivial crimes like left)
118
Q

Anxiety

A

a general state of apprehension or psychological tension

can be adaptive as it energizes us to cope with danger

anxiety occurs as a natural part of the flight or fight response—racing heart, sweating, knot in stomach

119
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive.

when fear and anxiety become detached from actual danger
i.e. chronic anxiety, panick attacks, phobias

set apart by the strong intensity and long duration of the response

120
Q

Anxiety disorders—genetic component

A

there is a genetic component

identical twins are more likely to both have one compared to fraternal twins

121
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

a disorder involving frequently elevated levels of anxiety, generally from the normal challenges and stresses of everyday life

a person with this fears disaster everywhere

symptoms:
-feeling tense, nervous
-racing heart, shaking
-bias for negative information, lack of focus

122
Q

Panic disorder

A

a person experienced recurring panic attacks, feeling of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness

interpretation of bodily attack

key feature: experience of extreme panic. Intense fear that something is going to happen, no apparent cause.

-shortness of breath
-sweating
-dizziness
-faintness
-feelings of non reality
-imminent danger is approaching

123
Q

Phobia

A

a severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation
common: animals, heights, blood, thunder, medical procedures

124
Q

Specific (simple) phobias

A

negative experiences or social learning create a link between an object and an emotional experience

125
Q

classical conditioning

A

by coincidence a negative association is formed between an object or neutral situation and an anxious response

i.e. driving over a bridge and getting struck by lightning might promote anxious anxiety towards bridges

126
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

avoiding the obejct reduces anxiety
i.e. avoids punishment of anxiety

127
Q

social learning

A

modelling by another person (e.g. a parent) displaying fear of something

128
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

a very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed or humiliated in public

this leads people to limit their social activities.

129
Q

The right amygdala of people with social phobia fires in response to non-emotional face

A

this does not occur in people without social phobias

suggested they have a lowered threshold for when somebody looks judging or threatening

130
Q

agoraphobia

A

an intense fear of outside spaces or having a panic attack in public where escape is difficult

as a result, individuals may avoid ph luv settings and increasingly isolate themselves

131
Q

anxiety disorders can lead to self perpetuating cycle

A

physiological responses (i.e. arousal) and behavioural reactions (i.e. avoidance) can feed back to reinforce the fear

132
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

presence of unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions), and tendency to engage in repetitive, almost ritualistic, behaviours (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety

133
Q

OCD is charactered by…

A

unwanted thoughts and disfintional actions

134
Q

OCD obsessions

A

persistent and unwanted thoughts, ideas or images

135
Q

Appraisal

A

the primary stress appraisal is hypersensitive particular classes of stimuli

136
Q

attribution

A

OCD patients tend to mid attribute negative life events to their failure to perform certain OCD actions

137
Q

OCD—Orbitofrontal cortex

A

increased activation

involved with assessing personal consequences

138
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

becomes hyperactive during OCD

thinner in people with OCD

involved in autonomic functions (heart race), rational functions (decision making)

139
Q

PTSD

A

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for more than four weeks

140
Q

Neuroimaging study of PTSD patients

A

they used a symptom evocation paradigm to cause patients to re-experience the traumatic event

emotional and memory areas become activated

frontal lobe areas involved with reasoning and decision making showed reduced activity

141
Q

good news about traumatic experiences

A

after being exposed to a terrifying event, at least 80% of people do not experience post traumatic stress syndrome

142
Q

Post traumatic growth

A

feel that the experience has bad them stronger, wiser, more mature, more tolerant and understanding, or in some other way a better person

studies have found that more than 60% of trauma victims undergo post traumatic growth

143
Q

Study about scary movies (2010)

A

study had people watch a scary movie/traumatic film

IV: played Tetris, or various control conditions
DV: number of flashbacks over a one-week period

results:
tetris ties up our “visual-spatial” processing, interferes with visual memory formation

144
Q

stats about Mood Disorders

A

most common disorder: but most people seek treatment

affects around 10% of Canadians; it is twice as likely in women

lifetime prevalence: 25% for women and 13% for men

increasingly being diagnosed in young adulthood

145
Q

The Teen Mental Illness Epidemic

A

in sum:

a substantial increase in adolescent anxiety and depression rates begins in the early 2010s

a substantial increase in adolescent self harm rates or psychiatric hospitalizations begins in the early 2010s

the increases are larger for girls than for boys

the increases are larger for Gen Z than for older generations

146
Q

What are the requirements for Major Depression Disorder

A

sadness for at least 2 weeks

at least four of the following:
-weight or appetite change
-sleep disturbance
-psychomotor retardation or agitation
-feeling tired or fatigued
-feelings of worthlessness or guilt
-inability to concentrate/pay attention
-suicidal ideation

147
Q

Vulnerability- Stress model

A

individual vulnerability interacts with cognitive and situational factors to produce mental disorders

i.e. genetics

148
Q

2 primary brain regions of interest related to depressions:

A

limbic system, which is active in emotional responses and processing

the dorsal (back) back of the frontal cortex, which generally plays a role in controlling thoughts and concentrating

149
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation and energy

cycling between episodes of depression and mania

roughly 1% for men and women

150
Q

mania

A

-increased energy
-increase activity
-increased distractibility
-excessive engagement in pleasurable behaviours that may lead to painful consequences

151
Q

Requirements for mania

A

must last for longer than 1 week

must include 3 or more of the following symptoms:
-inflated self esteem or grandiosity
-decrease need for sleep
-more talkative
-flight of ideas
-distractibility
-increase goal directed activity it psychomotor agitation
-excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with painful consequences

152
Q

inflated self esteem

A

belief that they have insulated ability, talent, poets or skills

153
Q

physical changes of mania

A

heightened verbal activity

increase energy

decreased eating and sleeping

increased energy + grandiosity + irritability = risky behaviours

154
Q

schizophrenia

A

a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, disorganized and inappropriate behaviour, and cognitive impairments

it’s a form of psychosis: distorted perceptions of reality and irrational behaviour

155
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

process schizophrenia

-form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood

-as people age, psychotic epiodesss last longer and recovery periods shorten

156
Q

Prrodomal Phase of Schizophrenia

A

people may become easily confused and have difficulty organizing their thoughts—lose interest or withdraw from friends and family, lose their typical motivations

157
Q

active phase of schizophrenia

A

delusional thoughts and hallucinations—disorganized patterns of thoughts, emotions and behaviours

158
Q

residual phase of schizophrenia

A

predominant symptoms have disappeared or lessened, though the patient may still be withdrawn or have trouble concentrating

159
Q

positive symptoms of Schizophrenia (positive as in present)

A

Overt, added experiences that should not be present (not referring to positive in a “good” sense)

-hallucinations
-delusions
-disordered thinking or speeching
-cognitive, emotional and behavioural excesses

160
Q

hallucinations

A

alterations in perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels or tastes something that does not actually exist, except in that persons own mind

161
Q

delusions

A

believes that are not based on reality

162
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

being important, sometimes a historical figure like Jesus

163
Q

delusions of reference

A

an individuals experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidence and believing they have strong personal significance

164
Q

thought assertion

A

aliens or government are inserting thoughts into one’s head

165
Q

thought broadcasting

A

that other people can read one’s thoughts

166
Q

incoherent speech: “word salad”

A

These idiosyncratic thoughts and associations that interfere with the ability to maintain a logical and consistent train of thought

“I gotta get out of here, the people are talking. They’re talking about clocks, maps, and triangles within the neighbourhood. I can understand and I see the dangers. I know how people operate, and there isn’t any need to be upset.”

167
Q

disordered thinking

A

a deficit in utilizing “executive functions”, such as attention, rule switching, forming associations, or dealing with abstractions

168
Q

Mania (to do with slaves)

A

mad or crazy

169
Q

when do people come seeking help for therapy?

A

sometimes after a really long time

one study suggested 8 years after depression first occurred; after 9 years for generalized anxiety disorders

170
Q

Who does therapy?

A

Psychiatrists and Psychologists

171
Q

psychiatrists

A

have an MD

-prescribe medication
-psychoanalysis has more often been used by psychiatrists

172
Q

psychologists

A

who have a PhD or a PsyD

-clinical psychologists complete a PhD which includes emphasizing both research and learning/practicing therapies
-PsyD is also a doctorate degree, but it emphasizes practice

173
Q

what are some other related careers for therapy?

A

clinical social workers
psychiatric nurses
counsellors
other types of therapists

174
Q

psychoanalysis

A

method of psychotherapy developed by Freud

was the first organized type of therapy for mental disorders

early childhood experiences and the exploration of unconscious motives and conflicts are key parts of the idea

175
Q

Breuer’s treatment that was inspired by Freud’s approach

A

she came for treatment for Paralysis in her right side, vision, hearing and speech. She was diagnosed with “hysteria”

symptoms improved when talking about them: Anna called this the “talking cure”

176
Q

The psychoanalyst encounters different problems in therapy like…(3 things)

A

resistance: the patient has cognitive mechanisms to avoid directly confronting the issue

transference: feelings for important people in the patients life (patients feeling for therapist)

Counter-Transference: redirection if feelings from the therapist to the client

177
Q

what is the goal of psychoanalysis?

A

to uncover unconscious causes of psychological disorders

178
Q

What 4 things do Freudian psychoanalysis involve?

A

case studies: detailed write ups of patients

dream analysis: meaning in dreams

free association: a type of brainstorming about the meaning of different experiences

analysis of mistakes (freudian slips & parapraxes)

179
Q

Freudian slips

A

a slip of the tongue that is motivated by and reveals some unconscious aspect of the mind

180
Q

parapraxes

A

mistakes and errors

e.g. you give someone a sweater and the first time they wear it, they spill red wine on it, ruining it

somebody loses their engagement ring (is it meant to be??)

181
Q

projective tests

A

personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts

used to infer a persons motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli

182
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

a test in which people are asked to describe what they see on the inkblot; psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method

183
Q

Rorschach inkblot test—what do they look at with scoring responses?

A

-level of vagueness, or synthesis of multiple images in the blot
-area of blot focused on
-does the inkblot look like the form the participant claims claims it looks like?
-what the respondent actually sees in the blot
-organized response, or scattered?
-any illogical aspects to the response?

184
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a test that asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations

the stories reveal participants expectations of relationships with peers, parents or tiger other authority figures, subordinates, and possible romantic partner

185
Q

rationale

A

how people perceive others may be a projection of how they perceive themselves

186
Q

what does the examiner assess in the TAT?

A

content of the stories

participants mannerisms (vocal tone, posture, hesitations, and other signs of emotional distress)

187
Q

criticisms of Projective Tests

A

subjective interpretation: the experimenter needs to interpret the figures/images as well, thus even with comprehensive scoring systems, there is an element of subjectivity

reliability: whether the same responses will be scored the same way by multiple experimenters, or whether the same person given the test twice will obtain the same scores

validity: do descriptions actually reflect an underlying psychological disposition? without reliability, cannot be valid

188
Q

free association

A

the process of saying freely what we r comes to mind in connection with dreams, memories, fantasies, or conflicts

189
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

a “lighter” version of a psychoanalysis

similarly views unconscious forces and childhood experiences as root of problem

face-to-face and briefer than psychoanalysis

190
Q

goals of psychodynamic therapy?

A

help people understand current symptoms

explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings

191
Q

techniques for psychodynamic therapy

A

client centred face to face meetings

exploration of past relationship troubles to understand origins of current difficulties

192
Q

personality factors

A

shy and inhibited people are more prone to phobias

193
Q

OCD compulsions

A

actions that people feel compelled to do to relieve anxiety

194
Q

OCD—prefrontal cortex

A

increased activation

involved with decision-making, planning, etc

195
Q

racing thoughts

A

rapid thoughts with little association between them—can become easily distracted

196
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

reactive schizophrenia

form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age

often a response to an emotionally traumatic event

has extended recovery periods

197
Q

what are the 3 distinct phases of schizophrenia?

A

prodromal phase
active phase
residual

198
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

an absence of functioning or lack of characteristics that should be present:

-lack of speech
-lack of emotional expression (flat affect)
-lack of energy
-anhedonia
-asociality

199
Q

delusions of persecution

A

e.g. that the government is out to get you

200
Q

negative symptoms: the absence of functionality that should be present in schizophrenia

A

poverty of speech: brief, empty replies in conversation

emotional flatness: unresponsive facial expressions, poor eye contact, diminished emotionality

loss of motivation: diminished ability to initiate typical activities

anhedonia: decreased enjoyment or pleasure in everyday events or things that one used to find pleasurable

social withdrawal

201
Q

season effects of schizophrenia

A

higher schizophrenia rates in people born during the winter months

the hypothesis is that winter births carry higher risk because it’s flu season (during the second trimester)? could be related to maternal immune responses?

202
Q

prenatal birth complications with schizophrenia

A

birth complications

maternal stress (e.g. war, violence), environmental toxins, birth complications, Vitamin D deficiency

203
Q

dopamine hypothesis with schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia is associated with over activity of dopamine in at least some brain areas (especially the Substantia nigra— striatum pathway)

204
Q

dissociative disorder

A

a category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity

205
Q

dissociative fugue

A

a period of profound autobiographical memory loss

patients cannot recall their past and lose their identity. sometimes develop a new one

206
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

a severe loss of memory, usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present

lasts hours to years

info not permanently lost but can’t be retrieved during the period of amnesia

207
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

a strong sense of the surreal, the feeling that one is not connected to one’s body, the feeling of disconnection from one’s regular identity and awareness

e.g. an out of body experience

208
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

firmly referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)

a person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separate from each other

209
Q

Posttraumatic Model—Cause #1 of DID

A

defense mechanism against intensely painful and frightening experiences

traumatized personality gives birth to other personalities to deal with the emotional horror of abuse

210
Q

Sociocognitive Model—Cause #2 for DID

A

latrogenic: intense and suggestive interview techniques

211
Q

Cluster B personalities

A

disorders involve dramatic, emotional, and erratic behaviours

grouped because they all involve problems with emotion regulation and impulse control that have negative effects on other people and on peoples social relationships

212
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

a disorder characterized by instability in mood—intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsive, manipulative, and difficult social relationships

Paranoid ideas
Relationship instability
Angry outbursts
Impulsive behaviour
Suicidal behaviour
Emptiness

213
Q

potential causes of borderline personality disorder

A

-genetics
-abusive or neglectful parenting
-brain abnormalities related to aggression and emotional regulation

214
Q

narcissist personality disorder

A

an inflated sense of self importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self doubt and fear of abandonment

entitled, manipulative, fragile

215
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour

goal of people with this disorder is to always be the center of attention (e.g. acting dramatically, dressing flamboyantly, or even acting in a sexually seductive manner)

216
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

a profound lack of empathy or emotional connection with others

a disregard for others rights or preferences

a tendency toward inserting their own desires, often violently, into others regardless if the consequences for others

217
Q

antisocial personality disorder—have have 3 of these criteria

A

-repeatedly break the law
-they are deceitful, using aliases and lies to con others
-they are impulsive and unable to plan ahead
-they repeatedly get into physical fights or assaults
-they show reckless disregard for own safety or that of others
-they are irresponsible, failing to meet obligations to others
-they lack remorse for actions that harm others

218
Q

psychopathy

A

characterized by lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety, and other social emotions, the use of deceit and manipulation, and impulsive thrill seeking

219
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)—a number of factors may be involved in these disorders

A
  1. abnormalities in the central nervous system
  2. impaired frontal lobe functioning
  3. genetic influences
  4. environmental events
220
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

sees threats where others do not; difficulty trusting others

221
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

difficulty forming close relationships; desire to be left alone; restricted emotional expression

222
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

eccentric, odd, superstitious, or grandiose ways of thinking or expressing oneself

223
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

fear of rejection

embarrassment

224
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

a pattern of submissive and clinging behaviour related to an excessive need to be taken care of

difficulty making decisions without the help of others.

Low self confidence

225
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

high expectations for others and oneself—very upset if those standards aren’t met

226
Q

organizing the Traditional 10 Personality disorders

A

notice that all disorders but 2 (schizoid and obsessive-compulsive) are hypothesized to be associated with neuroticism

all these disorders involve a certain amount of anxiety and unhappiness

227
Q

what do you have to remember about personality disorders?

A

disorders are defined as extreme and troublesome patterns of personality

e.g. someone who is moderately anxious (neurotic), introverted, and open probably does not have a personality disorder

228
Q

What are the Traditional 10 Personality Disorders?

A

schizoid
paranoid
schizotypal
antisocial
borderline
narcissistic
histrionic
avoidant
dependent
obsessive-compulsive

229
Q

humanist therapy

A

a form of psychotherapy based on the philosophy of humanism, which emphasizes the clients free will to change rather past conflicts

230
Q

the humanist movement changed focus of therapy..

A

instead of looking at unconscious conflicts, they focused on how people become self-actuallu ed and fulfil their higher motivations

231
Q

carl rogers

A

was one of the founders of the movement and also developed a type of therapy called client-cantered therapy, or person-centered therapy

problems are caused by a discrepancy between who we see ourselves as and who we want to be

232
Q

three things are needed to grow as a person:

A

genuineness (openness)

unconditional positive regard (acceptance)

empathy (being listened to and understood)

233
Q

Genuineness

A

knowing who you are, and being open with others about that

234
Q

unconditional positve regard

A

love or support given to another person with no conditions attached

235
Q

empathy

A

refers to ability of therapist to understand and accept what the client says

236
Q

how does client centered therapy differ from psychoanalysis

A

peoples feelings and thoughts in the present movement, not past conflicts

conscious thoughts (not unconscious wishes)

taking responsibility for one’s feelings and actions (not seeming hidden motives)

promoting growth and self actualization—not just managing to get through the day

237
Q

behaviour therapy

A

application of learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours

the idea that maladaptive behaviour is learned (through reinforcement or conditioning) and can be unlearned

238
Q

operant conditioning

A

rewards are introduced to increase a behaviour

punishment is introduced to decrease behaviour

239
Q

classical conditioning

A

unlearned

example:
food makes a dog salivate

bell does not cause salivate

bell followed by food causes salivate

so therefore the bell alone causes salivate

240
Q

behavioural treatments

A

-systematic desensitization
-flooding
-aversion

241
Q

systematic desensitization

A

step by step process of desensitizing a client to a geared object or experience

based on the idea that some phobias are conditioned responses to previously neutral stimuli

idea is to weaken the link between by slowly repeating and increasing exposure

242
Q

counterconditioning

A

process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

baby is scared of snakes, but baby liked ice cream
if you give the baby ice cream when they see the snake, they might not fear the snake anymore

243
Q

flooding

A

is like ripping off the bandaid or learning to swim by jumping into the deep end of the pool

a sudden large scale exposure to the object under controlled conditions

244
Q

aversion connections

A

people very rapidly become conditioned to dislike something when it’s been paired with a nausea inducing stimulus

giving alcoholics drinks that have something that makes them really sick in it

245
Q

cognitive therapy

A

a form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions

this teaches the client new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

246
Q

cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

integration of cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behaviour therapy (changing unwanted behaviour)

procedures such as cognitive reconstructing, stress inoculation training and desensitization

247
Q

cognitive therapy

A

teaching the client new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

based on the premise that inaccurate believes and maladaptive information processing have a casual role in depression

248
Q

how might medication and therapy produce addictive effects

A

perhaps though different mechanisms of action

these treatments might thus result in end states that are similar: normalized amygdala and prefrontal cortex activity

249
Q

family therapy

A

was developed to look at problems in the context of the family unit.

perspective that holds than an individuals problem developed in the context g the family, sustained by family dynamics and changes can affect all members of the family

250
Q

family system perspective

A

approach that identifies how each family member forms a larger part of an interacting system

251
Q

deterioration effects

A

anywhere from 3-10% of individuals become worse following psychological treatment

like:
-symptoms worsen
-appearance of new symptoms
-heightened concern about existing symptoms
-excessive dependency in therapist
-reluctance to seek future treatment

252
Q

psychosurgery

A

any surgical procedure that destroys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behaviour

253
Q

what does the Cognitive model suggest?

A

that thoughts, feelings and behaviours are all connected

254
Q

What did Egas Moniz introduce for a surgical operation in 1936?

A

prefrontal leucotomy (now called lobotomy)

the operation, consisted in incisions that destroyed connections between the prefrontal region and other parts of the brain

used frequently for the treatment of schizophrenia

255
Q

What was the bad side of Lobotomies?

A

some people became childish, were unemployable and some even became vegetative

256
Q

Why did Lobotomies stop?

A

in 1952 the first drug with a definite effect on schizophrenia was introduced, chlorpromazine.

lobotomies fell out of favour because medication was less invasive, more humane, more effective and less irreversible

257
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure

developed to treat schizophrenia in 1938 but was found to be ineffective in reducing psychotic symptoms

258
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

involved the use of a pulsing coil held to a persons skull at the left prefrontal

259
Q

Study about physical exercise and major depression

A

volunteers with major depression were assigned either exercise, sertraline therapy (medication) or a combination

the ones in the exercise alone group had the most amount of fully recovered people (90%) and almost no partially or relapsed people (below 10%)

the medication group had only 55% recovered and 45% relapsed

the combination group had 60% recovered but 30% relapsed

260
Q

Sunlight for therapy

A

the brain produces more serotonin on sunny days than on overcast cloudy days

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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