Exam 3 Flashcards
environmental hazards are…
things that affect physical safety and are economically destructive
risks are…
evaluations of those hazards and estimated probability of consequences
Key elements of risk?
1.) anticipation
2.) decision
What is the probability distribution of risk?
Outcome–> unknown
probability distribution–> known
Uncertainty is?
degree to which outcomes are unkown
What is the probability distribution of uncertainty?
outcome–> unknown
probability distribution –> unknown
What are the conditions of knowledge?
1.) Certainty (known, knowns)
2.) Risk (known, unknowns)
3.) Uncertainty (unknown, unknowns)
Expected utility theory is?
rational decision is made & is unbiased
Prospect theory is?
behavioral as opposed to rational & is biased
What theory has higher “expected value”?
utility theory
what theory has agents that reveal “loss aversion”?
prospect
What is risk perception?
how people evaluate hazards based on biases and cultures and such
NAME THE 5 bias influences and what they mean!
1.) Choice- who decides who is exposed?
2.) Control- can the risk be controlled by ourselves or someone we trust?
3.) Observability- can the risks or the effects be seen or measured?
4.) Latency- is there a delay between cause and effects?
5.) Potential for catastrophe- how many people would be affected and to what extent?
What are the qualities of underestimating a risk?
- voluntary
- trusted source controlled
- obervable
- immediate effects
- common, non-catastrophic
what are the qualities of overestimating a risk?
- involuntary
- non-trusted source controlled
- unobservable
- delayed effects
- rare, catastrophic
What did Gilbert White do?
critiqued the use of the “tech fix” - engineering solutions- as the only management to fix flooding and other things. –> one dimensional
What did Douglas and Wildavsky do?
said that the way people think about risk is related to cultural theory
What is the trial-and-error approach?
VIEW: nature is resilient, disturbances are temporary –> ACTION: experiment until proven harmful
What is the precautionary approach?
VIEW: nature is fragile, disturbances may cause permanent damage –> ACTION: exercise caution until proven safe.
Under pollution by Summers’ is what now?
some areas are less exposed to pollution impacts
According to Marx, is there ever even development?
NO
What is the spatial fix?
moving process of production to a new location; often to under developed areas or marginalized communities
WHAT ARE THE TWO CONTRADICTIONS OF CAPITALISM?
- Over accumulation
- “underpaying nature”
What does recessions and depressions fall under in relation to contradictions of capitalism?
the first one
over-extracting resources falls under what contradiction?
the two one
in order to have surplus value what must be present?
underpaying workers
capitalists control both ____ and ____
means of production; conditions of production
What is the MEANS of production?
the things required to make commodities
What is the CONDITIONS of production?
the raw materials needed to make commodities
what are commodities
Nature+labor= commodities; something that can be bought and sold
reification means what now
making into a thing. like stupid Locke.
