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ENVS 101 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endemic species

A

Species that are only found in specific environments or restricted locations

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2
Q

Species richness

A

number of different types of organisms

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3
Q

Species evenness

A

how the quantity of each organism compares to each other in an area (butterflies equal to dragonflies)

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3
Q

Structural diversity

A

More structurally complex environments have higher biodiversity (mountains v. flat desert)

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4
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Amount of genetic variation within individuals in a population (how many variations of a finch within a forest)

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5
Q

Topography

A

More topographic variation (more variation in landscape) allows for more species

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6
Q

Islands and patches

A

Isolated habitats with no corridors to similar habitats, have less biodiversity

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7
Q

Invasive species

A

Non-native species, can increase biodiversity if they don’t have competition or predators

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8
Q

Preserves and protected areas

A

Purpose is to maintain biodiversity, based on principles of island biogeography

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9
Q

Migration corridors

A

They connect fragmented habitats (ex: hedgerows for hedgehogs)

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10
Q

Pleistocene

A

Glacial period before holocene with alternating cold and warm phases

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11
Q

Holocene

A

Glacial period we are currently in, warm phases

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12
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

Earth’s orbit and tilt change every 100,000 years, and this leads to glacial and interglacial phases

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13
Q

Green Sahara v. Sahara today

A

Used to be green because there was water without clouds above it, allowing for rain cycle, but its a desert today because of underground water replacing surface water

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14
Q

Effects of volcanic eruptions

A

Spews ash into the air, which blocks sunlight from hitting the ground, leads to colder atmosphere. Volcanic eruptions cool down the climate, and it can last for years

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15
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Gases trap heat radiation from Earth’s surface

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16
Q

Consequences of global warming (especially sea level rise)

A
  • Ocean levels get higher as glaciers melt because of rising heat
  • Islands are at risk
  • Rainfall is both increasing and decreasing
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17
Q

Climate change mitigation: sustainable future v. business as usual

A

Business as usual: If we take no actions
Sustainable future: Stabilize greenhouse gas emissions at current levels

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18
Q

Transportation conservation

A

More people on public transit

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19
Q

Transportation (fuel) efficiency

A

Hybrid technology, electric cars, lighter materials, renewable energy

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20
Q

Air pollution

A

Gases or particles present in high enough concentrations to hurt humans, other organisms, or buildings/art

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21
Q

Smog

A

Thick air pollutant that is a mix of smoke and fog, trapped air that can’t move up or down, cold air trapped beneath warm air above

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22
Q

Height of emissions

A

Increasing height of smokestacks moves pollutants away from ground –> wind speeds faster high up –> higher wind speed moves pollutants away (less smog)

23
Q

Acid deposition (acid rain)

A

Tall smokestacks move exhaust away from power plant –> exhaust contains sulfur, nitrogen oxides that dissolve in water –> once they dissolve in water, sulfuric and nitric acids form –> acids fall = acid deposition

24
Q

Lead pollution in air and mitigation

A

Smoke stacks added “scrubbers” to stop pollutants from being released into the atmosphere. This is the solution to acid rain.

25
Q

Air Quality Index

A

Measure daily quality of air (high levels are dangerous)

26
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

Water moves from one source to another (driven by solar energy + gravity): Rain from a cloud –> into a lake –> evaporates back into the atmosphere –> starts again

27
Q

Where is most of Earth’s water?

A

97% in the ocean, can’t use it bc its energy+money consuming to desalinate it, 3% trapped in ice

28
Q

Groundwater

A

30% of Earth’s freshwater in rocks and soil beneath ground (in aquifers, sediment, rock)

29
Q

Aquifers

A

Formed in the past when it was water, extracted using wells+pumps, can be drained+polluted

30
Q

Mitigating too much water

A

If we take all the water out, the ground will collapse and create a cave

31
Q

Overdrawing groundwater

A

There is a limited amount of groundwater, and if it is overdrawn, it will not be replenished because groundwater and aquifers can take thousands of years to form

32
Q

Subsidence

A

Land caves in as we take too much water out, happens over time and very slowly

33
Q

Sinkholes

A

Land caves in because we take too much water out, happens all at once and very quickly

34
Q

Uses of wastewater

A

Treated wastewater can be used to irrigate crops, landscaping, and injected back into groundwater to limit saltwater intrusion

35
Q

Origins of agriculture

A

Climate became warmer –> longer plant growing season –> human pop. size increased –> humans became sedentary

36
Q

Animal domestication: how do we identify it?

A

Human-impact evidence (sheeps with smaller horns, less dangerous), meaty parts are bigger

37
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Can’t process lactose, inherited

38
Q

Plant domestication: how do we identify it?

A

Larger seeds, larger fruit, more benefit to humans

39
Q

Agroecosystem

A

Ecosystem includes crops and domestic animals, physical, environments, and communities of organisms associated with them (ex: a crop)

40
Q

Goal of agroecosystem

A

Use as much primary production as possible from ecosystem for human use

41
Q

Harvest index

A

Fraction of produced food that can be used by humans

42
Q

Primary energy

A

Energy contained in natural resources (coal, oil, sunlight, wind, uranium)

43
Q

Secondary energy

A

The result of energy conversion (electricity)

44
Q

Energy conversion efficiency

A

Some forms of energy conversion are more efficient than others. Coal needs to be burned so that we can use it, and when coal is burned 70% of the energy is lost as heat so only 30% can be used for electricity. Some types of coal are more efficient when burned than others.

45
Q

Nonrenewable energy

A

Exists in limited quantities or from sources that are replenished at rates well below the rate of consumption (ex: fossil fuels)

46
Q

Renewable energy

A

Not depleted when used (ex: sun, wind)

47
Q

Where does coal come from?

A

Formed hundreds of million years ago –>plants falling into swamps, getting covered with sediments –> pressure pushed water out and plants closer together –> pressure + time led to coal formation

48
Q

How do we find coal?

A

Underground mining and surface mining (mountain tops removed to expose coal)

49
Q

Where does oil/natural gas come from?

A

Organisms live in shallow water hundreds of million years ago –> compacted over millions of years –> produces oil (takes a long time so we can’t create coal)

50
Q

Where does nuclear energy come from?

A

Fission: splitting of an isotope of uranium is used to heat pressurized steam –> steam turns generator turbines = electric power

51
Q

Pros and cons of nuclear power

A

Pro: few greenhouse gases
Cons: uranium mining, waste management danger

52
Q

Nuclear waste

A

Used fuel rods remain radioactive, placed in repositories, sealed in geologic nuclear repository (deep in mountains)

53
Q

Toxic testing and regulation

A

Chemicals in products, tested to make sure safe for humans

54
Q

Citizen science

A

Flint water crisis

ENVS 101 (3 decks)

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