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ENVS 101 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Environment

A

The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal and/or plant needs to survive

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2
Q

Ecology

A

Focuses on the abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to their environment, and to each other

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

The combination of a community of organisms and its physical and chemical environment, functioning as an integrated ecological unit

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4
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reverses the direction of change (introduction of wolves in an environment)

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5
Q

Positive feedback

A

Accelerates the direction of change (more rain, more grass, more deer)

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6
Q

Scientific method

A
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7
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

Decline and destruction of the natural resources shared in a community (nothing to prevent an individual from exploiting a resource)

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8
Q

Triple bottom line

A

The ideal image for a company to have supports planet, people, and profit (goal is sustainability)

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9
Q

Preservationist

A

Protecting and preserving public land in its pristine state (even if it helps, don’t touch it)

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10
Q

Conservationist

A

Using the environment, but conserving biological life and ecosystems (ok to use if it helps humans, but don’t exploit it)

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11
Q

Anthropocentric ethics

A

Only humans have intrinsic value (everything else has instrumental value bc it helps humans)

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12
Q

Biocentric ethics

A

Other living things have equal value to humans (they don’t need to benefit us to have value)

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13
Q

Ecocentric ethics

A

Communities of organisms and ecosystems have intrinsic value

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14
Q

Environmental policy

A

Rules that guide decisions and actions that influence environmental conditions or processes (plan)

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15
Q

Incentives

A

Encourage actions by offering something in return (tax credits for buying solar panels)

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16
Q

Environmental law

A

The concern of the conservation, usage, and treatment of the natural world in government law (action)

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17
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of structure and function of all life (energy flows through cells)

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18
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single-celled organisms (bacteria, archaea) without a nucleus

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19
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Humans and animals that do have a membrane-enclosed nucleus containing DNA

20
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

21
Q

Phenotype

A

How an organism looks, combination of genotype and environment

22
Q

Immigration

A

Moving in

23
Q

Emigration

A

Moving out

24
Q

Pull factors for immigration

A

Freedom, education, employment

25
Q

Push factors for emigration

A

War, famine, oppression, persecution

26
Q

Directional selection

A

Survival of individuals at one extreme end of range of variation (ex: larger seeds, larger bird beaks)

27
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selection favors traits falling in middle or range of variation (ex: human birth weight)

28
Q

Founder effect

A

Reduced genetic diversity resulting from the immigration of a small subset of a population (when populations are isolated over time, they follow different evolutionary pathways and become separate species)

29
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Traits that fall within extreme ends of range of variation survive (ex: contrasting environments, only small and large survive)

30
Q

Mutation

A

Random mistakes in the copying of genes or when cells are exposed to chemicals or environmental hazards that can be passed from parent to offspring (ex: Down syndrome)

31
Q

Population growth rate

A

% of change over time (ex: 100 individs. year 1, 110 individs. year 2 = 10% year)

32
Q

Exponential population growth

A

Number of new individuals in a generation is a multiple of number present in previous generation

33
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Plot of percentage of individuals of a pop. that survive to each age

34
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The rate at which resources are supplied limits the pop. growth

35
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth

36
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Organisms with genes better suited to the environment are selected for survival and pass them to the next generation

37
Q

Natural selection

A
  • Variation in the trait within the population
  • Trait determined by genetics and inheritable
  • Individuals with certain variants of the trait have higher fitness
  • Competition for survival and reproduction within a population
38
Q

Taxonomy

A

The classification of organisms through description, identification, and naming

39
Q

Demographers

A

Study the characteristics and consequences of human population growth

40
Q

Net migration rate

A

Difference between immigration and emigration rates

41
Q

Ecological footprint

A

The amount of land needed to supply the demand for ecological goods and services

42
Q

Biocapacity

A

Measure of the area and quality of land available to supply a population with resources

43
Q

Pre-agricultural period of human population growth

A

Ambiguous number of humans who existed, human growth was low, hunter/gatherer

44
Q

Agricultural period of human population growth

A

Population growth expanded because people were sedentary, domesticated plants and animals, and stored food

45
Q

Expanded carrying capacity of humans

A

Humans are special because we can expand the limits of carrying capacity (pop. growth is somewhat unlimited)

46
Q

What impacts birth rates?

A

Wealth and incentives

47
Q

What impacts death rate?

A

Amount of land, nutrients, access to medicine

ENVS 101 (3 decks)

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