Exam 3 Flashcards
Mechanical Reed
Clarinet, Saxophone, Oboe, Bassoon
Lip Reed
Trumpet, Trombone, Tuba
Air Jet
Flute, Piccolo, Pipe Organ
Bowed String
Violin, Chello, Viola, Double Bass
Plucked String
Guitar, Harp, Banjo
Struck String
Piano, Dulcimer
Musical Interval
๐๐1๐๐2=๐ฃ๐ฃ1/2๐ฟ๐ฟ1๐ฃ๐ฃ1/2๐ฟ๐ฟ2=๐ฟ๐ฟ2๐ฟ๐ฟ1
Consonant intervals
8th, 5th, 3rd, 4th
Dissonant intervals
7th, 2nd
Pulse register
vocal folds have low tension
Chest register
vocal folds have large effective mass, large vibration amplitude and normal tension
Falsetto register
vocal folds are long and thin
Define and identify the functions of formant tuning used during singing.
If the singerโs fundamental frequency is above the first formant, the singer will adjust their vocal tract so that the first formant lines up with the fundamental frequency.
Flute
cylindrical bore (open โopen), all harmonics
Clarinet
cylindrical bore w/ small bell (closed โ open), odd harmonics
Trombone
cylindrical bore w/ large bell (closed โ open), all harmonics
Saxophone
conical bore w/ small bell (closed โ open), all harmonics
open-open bore (flute)
v(air)/2L(e)
closed-open bore (clarinet)
v(air/4L(e)
Soft blowing
higher harmonics with very low amplitude
Loud blowing
higher harmonics with higher amplitude.
mechanical reed
strongly interactions between the reed and the air column
lip reed instrument
some interaction between the lips and the air column
lip tension
dictates the mode of the instrument.
vocal folds
have no interaction with the vocal tract
the effect of a bell on an instrument
The bell alters the partials of the bore to have more harmonic ratios. It also allows the modes to radiate sound more efficiently, especially at high frequencies.
functions of the bell for a lip-reed instrument
The bell alters the partials of the bore to have more harmonic ratios. It also allows the modes to penetrate further into the bell at high frequencies and radiate sound more efficiently.
Identify the functions of the mouthpiece for a lip-reed instrument.
The mouthpiece increases resonant peak heights
Identify the functions of the bore modes for a lip-reed instrument.
The lip reed plays the modes of the bore which have harmonic relationships
Record a trumpet and play back at half the speed
(trombone)
Record a trumpet and play back at 1/4th the speed
tuba
Record a tube and play it back at double speed
trombone
Record a tube and play it back at 4x the speed
(trumpet)
identify which of the frequencies will cooperate
The frequencies which โcooperateโ in producing a tone will be those that are harmonically related.
Identify what mechanism causes a flute to sound a note an octave higher
Overblowing will raise the note an octave
Identify what mechanism causes a clarinet to sound a note an octave higher
Clarinet: Opening the register hole will raise the note by a 12th
Identify what mechanism causes a trombone to sound a note an octave higher
Trombone: Changing the tension in the lips will shift the note up by an octave
Beating
Subtract the 2 frequencies from eachother
Effective Length of a Cylinder
Larger diameters will have a longer effective length and smaller diameters will have a shorter effective length.
Bellโs effect on effective length of Cylinder
A bell will make the cylinder appear longer at high frequencies.
Describe how to alter the bowing speed, the position of the bow with respect to the bridge, and the bowing force to make a louder or softer tone on a bowed-string instrument.
The make a louder tone on a bowed string instrument, the player can bow faster or bow closer to the bridge (or both).
Piano
struck string with radiation from a soundboard
Harp
plucked string with radiation from a soundboard
Guitar
plucked string with radiation from a body
Violin / cello
bowed string with radiation from a body
If the air volume increases
the air resonance frequency decreases
If the air volume decreases
the air resonance frequency increases
If the string density increases
the frequencies of the string will decrease
If the wood density increases
the wood resonance frequencies will decrease
A hammer with harder felt
will excite more high frequency harmonics
a hammer with softer felt
will excite fewer high frequency harmonics
A narrower hammer
excite more high frequency harmonics
Just Tuning
Uses exact frequency ratios for common intervals but requires a new tuning for different musical keys
Pythagorean Tuning
Preserves the major 5thand major 4thintervals but ends up out of tune at high and low notes.
Equal Tempered Tuning
Balances exact ratios with being able to play in any musical key
Bowed strings
harmonic partials
Plucked strings
nearly harmonic partials
Struck strings
slightly inharmonic partials
Drum, tambourine, timpani
membrane
Cymbal, gong
plate
Bell
bell body
Glockenspeil, xylophone
bar
Harp, piano
string
Drumhead Wave Nodes
Lines must go all the way across the drum or be circular.
bell
both harmonic partials and inharmonic partials
violin
harmonic partials
piano
slightly inharmonic partials
drum
very inharmonic partials
xylophone
moderately inharmonic partials
Oscillator
generates a waveform
Controller
varies a set of parameters (filters, oscillators, etc)
MIDI
protocol for device to device communication
Envelope
time varying function to modify a waveformโs amplitude (attack, sustain or decay)
Filter
modifies the frequency content of a spectrum
