Exam 2 Flashcards
Outer Ear
pinna, ear canal, ear drum (converts acoustical energy to mechanical energy)
Inner Ear
oval window, cochlea (sends neurological signals to brain)
Middle Ear
Eustachian tube, ossicles (transmits vibration from ear drum to oval window)
Identify the part of the basilar membrane on a diagram that will vibrate most at a given frequency.
(High Frequency)
Basilar membrane motion near the oval window is high frequency
Identify the part of the basilar membrane on a diagram that will vibrate most at a given frequency.
(Low Frequency)
Basilar membrane motion hear the helicotrema is low frequency
Identify the processes in the inner ear that are responsible for encoding intensity, frequency, and spectrum of a sound.
(Intensity)
The total number of nerve cell firings in each burst
Identify the processes in the inner ear that are responsible for encoding intensity, frequency, and spectrum of a sound.
(Frequency)
The repetition rate of the bursts AND the location along the basilar membrane
Identify the processes in the inner ear that are responsible for encoding intensity, frequency, and spectrum of a sound.
(Spectrum)
The stimulation of multiple locations along the basilar membrane
Describe how critical band is related to masking, and how the asymmetry of the basilar membrane correlates with higher or lower tones masking each other more effectively.
Low frequency tones mask high frequency tones better than vice versa. Due to asymmetry in the basilar membrane responseTones separated by less than a critical bandwidth mask each other most effectively Wider critical bands result in more masking of neighboring frequencies
Identify which of the perceptions of tone color, pitch, and loudness are related most strongly to each of the following physical quantities: spectrum, frequency, and intensity or sound level. (Spectrum)
Tone color is related to the spectrum
Identify which of the perceptions of tone color, pitch, and loudness are related most strongly to each of the following physical quantities: spectrum, frequency, and intensity or sound level. (Frequency)
Pitch is related to the frequency
Identify which of the perceptions of tone color, pitch, and loudness are related most strongly to each of the following physical quantities: spectrum, frequency, and intensity or sound level. (Intensity or Sound level)
Loudness is related to intensity
Determining Fundamental Frequency
First one of the list unless there is a greatest common denominator among them.
Identify the factor (phase, quality, intensity, pitch, or spectrum) plays the most important role in helping a listener determine from which direction a low or high frequency sound is coming. (Low Frequency)
difference in phase between the two ears
Identify the factor (phase, quality, intensity, pitch, or spectrum) plays the most important role in helping a listener determine from which direction a low or high frequency sound is coming. (High Frequency)
difference in intensity between the two ears
When given two simple tones of specified frequency and the critical band, determine whether the listener will perceive a single tone with no beating, a single tone with beating, two tones with no beating or two tones with rough beating.
If the difference between the two frequencies is less than the critical band, the perceived sound is one tone with beating. If the difference is greater than the critical band, the perceived sound is two tones without beating.
Given a simple tone of specified frequency, determine (from a table of the number of cycles required for pitch perception) the minimum duration needed to perceive its pitch.
See Table for the number of cycles at the specified frequency.To compute the duration, divide by the frequency (or equivalently multiple by the period)duration = # cycles ÷frequency
Know how to read and interpret an audiogram and be able to identify common types of hearing loss. Determine how much amplification would be needed at a specified frequency to restore the person’s hearing to normal threshold (0dB line on theaudiogram).
Presbycusis – loss of hearing over time characterized by insensitivity to high frequency sounds (fairly common)
Conductive Hearing Loss
occurs in the outer or middle ear. Examples: blocking the ear canal, ear drum rupture or ossicle impairment
Sensorineural loss
occurs in the inner ear. Examples: damage to the inner or outer hair cells in the cochlea
Diaphram
controls the pressure in the chest cavity
Trachea
tube between the lungs the pharynx
Lips
used to open and close the mouth
Soft Palate
used to open and close the nasal cavity
Pharynx
the lower part of the vocal tract, connecting the trachea to the mouth
Source
larynx (vocal folds, glottis and epiglottis), lungs, trachea, diaphragm
Resonator
mouth, lips, teeth, nasal cavity, pharynx, palates
Positive pressure in (or just below) the glottis
will increase the glottal area by pushing open the vocal folds
Negative pressure in the glottis
will decrease the glottal area by closing the vocal foldsTension in vocal folds will also decrease the glottal area by closing the vocal folds
Describe the wave shape and spectrum of air flow through the glottis when typical voiced speech sounds are produced (Is the wave shape periodic or nonperiodic? Does the spectrum have only one partial, many harmonic partials, or many inharmonic partials?).
Glottal airflow is periodic.It will have a fundamental frequency with many harmonic partials
Calculate the frequencies emphasized by a neutral vocal tract of given length that has a constant cross-sectional area and is open only at one end.
The neutral vocal tract is like a closed-open tube f1= 343 / 4 L , f2= 3 x 343 / 4 L
Define feedback and reference as they relate to a child learning to speak.
Feedback – a child listening to their own speech and comparing to a reference
Reference – the people whose speech the child hears and compares to
Vowels & Diphthongs
voice energy (3 or more formant bands)
Fricatives
noise energy, high frequencies
Plosives
Nasals
single low frequency formant
