exam 3 Flashcards
organizational effects
hormones in prenatal life shape the brain
activational effects
hormones shape our behavior later in life
reproductive behaviors
to successfully reproduce
different for males and females
varies by species
attraction
based on:
quality features
facial symmetry
physical health
motivation
desire to engage
copulation
ability to execute behaviors
receptivity
willing to mate
postcopulation
time
familiarity
rewarding aspects reinforced
steroid
lipophilic
derived from cholesterol
has nuclear and membrane receptors
nuclear hormone receptors
dimerized and goes to nucleus
effects DNA to make proteins
slow effects
membrane hormone receptors
acts on receptor in membrane
faster effects
peptide hormones
amino acide string
not lipophilic
eg: oxytocin & Luteinizing hormone
amine hormone
modified single amino acid
not lipophilic
eg: epinephrine
birth control, abortion pill, inhibin B
use negative feedback for desired outcome
puberty
fertility is active
elevated pituitary hormones
secondary sex characteristics develop
male brain areas
MPOA
copulatory behaviors and aspects of motivation
ERs and ARs
female brain areas
VMH
copulatory behaviors and motivation
many ERs
CAH
XX
produces too much androgens
more likely to be attracted to women
female internal organs
more male like external organds
ARS
XY
nonfunctional AR
have testes
No internal system
female like brain
externally female
eggs at 12
no T to DHT conversion
have T & testes
male like inside
female like outside
partly male like outside after puberty
social agression
aimed at a conspecific (same species)
predatory agression
for getting food
maternal agression
to protected children from threats
sexual agression
to engage in a sexual encounter (sexual assult)
self agression
against ones self
agression
intention of a hostile act towards another
predatory/instrumental (cold)
premeditated
goal-oriented
unemotional
impulsive (hot)
reaction to provocative stimulus that produces fear/anger
in animals increased T
corresponds with mating season and increased aggression
synthetic P in prenatal exposure
acted like T in body
lead to more aggression
role of serotonin in aggression
more serotonin less aggression
cortical areas
inhibit aggression
inhibits subcortical structures
hypothalamus (VMH)
electrical stimulus leads to stem rage
hypothalamus and amygdala
optogenetic stimulation leads to aggression in mice
psychopaths
reduced activity in PFC
an area regulated by serotonin
stress
when threat outweighs resources
weight of wear and tear caused by life
acute stress
on/off quickly
chronic stress
seemingly never ending
eustress
good stress
cortisol…
mobilizes glucose stores for energy
anti-inflammatory
hippocampus in acute stress
inhibits stress hormone release
stops hypothalamus
if stress goes on too long…
hippocampus gets fucked up
consequences of stress
increased BP
reproductive health issues
sleep difficulties
lower immunity
weight loss/gain
ulcers
the amygdala…
gets longer/more complex dendrites w/ chronic stress
increases stress even more
T suppresses stress hormones
E elevates them
amygdala and depression
over active when processing emotional stimuli
more in tune to negative emotions
prefrontal cortex and depression
over active when processing cognitive stimuli
anterior congulate, posterior temporal & parietal cortex
implicated in attention
under active
hippocampus and depression
smaller volume
less active during memory tasks
brain areas and depression
corrilational connection
dexamethlinasine suppression test
uses synthetic cortisol to test negative feedback of HPA axis
ECT
intentional induction of large scale seizures
fast relief
seen as last resort
causes memory loss
Mono Amine Oxidase inhibitor
inhibits breakdown of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
toxic reactions: diet restrictions
Tricycles
trape monoamines at synapse
elevates noradrenaline (risky for heart)
higher abuse liability
SSRI
traps more serotonin at synapse
safer but has suicide risk in young adults
neurogenesis in rats = neural connectivity (bigger hippocampus)
cognitive behavioral therapy
better than SSRI alone for reducing likely hood pf relapse
deep brain stimulation
cause infections and headaches
transcranial magnetic stimulation
treats depression and schizophrenia
minimal side effects
ketamine
abuse potential
FDA approved
