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Brain and behavior > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

trephining

A

drilling a hole in the skull to release evil spirits

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2
Q

edwin smith surgical papyrus (ancient egypt)

A

recognize significance of nervous system
believe paralysis is due to damage to nervous system

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3
Q

Quran, old & new testament

A

never mention the brain only the heart
liver source of passion
stomach source of courage
bowels source of pity

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

mental capacities is a function of the heart
brain is a cooling system for blood

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5
Q

blood humor

A

sanguine
enthusiastic and social

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6
Q

yellow bile humor

A

choleric
decisive and goal oriented

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7
Q

black bile humor

A

melancholic
analytical, deep thinker/feeler

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8
Q

phlegm humor

A

phlegmatic
peaceful and quiet

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9
Q

Galen
“father of medicine”

A

dissected mortally wounded gladiators and animals
_____ transmitted info to and from brain
behavior created by animal spirits in the nerves
poor understanding of anatomy

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10
Q

divinci

A

intricate drawings of anatomy

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11
Q

Descartes

A

control of behavior is spinal reflexes
dualism (mind separate from body)
pineal gland is the seat of the soul

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12
Q

wilis

A

brain is an ordered system made by god

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13
Q

phrenology

A

bumps on head reveals one character
helps establish localized behavior

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14
Q

brocca

A

patients with damage to specific brain area struggle to produce speech

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15
Q

lashley

A

specific lesions failed to find specific area for memory
more critical damage leads to poorer performance

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16
Q

Antonj van Leeuwenhoek

A

invented the light microscope

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17
Q

camillo Golgi

A

made stain for neurons
nervous system was interconnected fibers

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18
Q

Santiago Ramon Cajal

A

nervous system is seperate individual cells
used Golgi stain for discovery

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19
Q

luigi Galvani

A

bio electricity using dead frog (legs)

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20
Q

otto loewi

A

used heart to determine chemicals influence electrical activity

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21
Q

Donald Hebb

A

electrical stimulation of neurons strengthened concentration?
basis of learning

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22
Q

between-subject design

A

in control OR experimental condition

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23
Q

within-subjects design

A

subject experiences ALL conditions at some point

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24
Q

correlational design

A

measure two variables without manipulation

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25
Q

somatic intervention

A

manipulate physiology to measure change in behavior
gives mechanism of action

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26
Q

behavioral intervention

A

manipulate behavior and measure physiology

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27
Q

CT scan

A

picture of brain using radiation
excellent structural information
can’t detect activiity

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28
Q

PET scan

A

chemical traces associated with proteins in the body
good at location and level of activity of a specific NT
poor resolution

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29
Q

MRI

A

radio frequency pulses spin hydrogen atoms
different tissues behave differently
high resolution and no radiation
can not detect activity

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30
Q

FMRI

A

measure oxygenated blood
high resolutions, detects activity, no radiation
can’t detect specific neurotransmitters
assumes blood correlates with neural activity

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31
Q

diffusion tensor tech (DTI)

A

detects movement of water in axons
tells what are connected
does not show direction

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32
Q

EEG/ERP/MEG

A

detects electrical activity through skull
electrical picture of the brain
useful for sleep or epilepsy
difficult to pinpoint activity

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33
Q

single cell recording

A

implant recording electrode into single neuron
can record activity in free moving animal
limited by electrode stability

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34
Q

Golgi stain

A

shows entire neuron

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35
Q

Nisil stain

A

shows only cell body

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36
Q

fluorescent microscopy

A

sample treated with light emitting chemical
degrades so needs fast acting

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37
Q

Protein/MRNA blotting

A

quantitative, non-subjective, reliable way to count cells
optical density
lose anatomical resolution
more objective than cell counting

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38
Q

micro-dialysis

A

measures levels of neurotransmitters in free moving animal
difficult to detect some molecules

39
Q

brain lesions

A

determines if behavior depends on brain area

40
Q

electric lesions

A

insert electrode and apply current
non-selective

41
Q

neurotoxic lesions

A

insert cannula and deliver toxin
destroys only cell body

42
Q

drugs

A

various ways of administration
can discover that certain molecules in certain brain region importance for behavior
requires brain surgery, drug specificity, drug can diffuse into other areas

43
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

implant micro-electrode and apply electrical current
used for parkinsons and some types of depression
ID brain function
devices can cause problems

44
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS)

A

apply magnetic pulse through skull via wire coil
slow pulses used to treat depression and motor diseases
enhance attention and memory in healthy controls
ID cortical area function, activate or inactivate neurons
no deep brain structures

45
Q

optogenetics

A

specific neurons turn on or off when hit by a wavelength of light
precisely determine neurons important for a behavior
limited by surgical/clinical ability

46
Q

genetic engineering

A

gene expression leds to a change in proteins
endless possibilities
ethical issues

47
Q

multipolar neuron

A

several dendrites, on axon
most common type

48
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite, one axon
found in visual system

49
Q

unipolar

A

one process divided, no axon dendrite
spinal cord (sensory)

50
Q

dendrick spine

A

protrusion from dendrite
increases surface area for connections

51
Q

glial cells

A

90% of cells in the brain

52
Q

astrocytes

A

provide nutrients to the neurons from blood
fragmentation of synapses

53
Q

microglial cells

A

remove debris from neural damage
maintain synapses
effect perception of pain
role in Alzheimer’s, takes away good synapses

54
Q

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

A

provide myelin around axons

55
Q

nerves

A

multiple axons bundled together in PNS

56
Q

tracts

A

multiple axons bundled together in the CNS

57
Q

somatic NS

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons

58
Q

autonomic NS

A

innervates vital organs

59
Q

sympathetic NS

A

fight, flight, or freeze
stress
made for quick on.off

60
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

brings body to rest

61
Q

brain protection

A

1) skull and menages
2) ventricles
3) blood brain barrier

62
Q

rostral

A

anterior

63
Q

caudal

A

posterior

64
Q

ventral

A

inferior

65
Q

dorsal

A

superior

66
Q

ipsolateral

A

same side

67
Q

contralateral

A

different side

68
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons
bundles of axons

69
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies
ganglion in PNS

70
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning
flexible, creative, adaptive, emotion

71
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

72
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and memory

73
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch

74
Q

corpus collosum

A

connect hemispheres

75
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station

76
Q

hypothalamus

A

hormone release
vital functions
motivate behaviors

77
Q

basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
voluntary movement

78
Q

nucleus accomdond

A

pleasure
works with ventral tegmental area

79
Q

limbic system

A

hippocampus femex and mammillary bodies
amygdala
cingulate cortex
olfactory bulb

80
Q

hippocampus femex and mammillary bodies

A

learning and memory

81
Q

amygdala

A

emotion

82
Q

cingulate cortex

A

attention

83
Q

olfactory bulb

A

smell

84
Q

mid brain structures

A

superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
substantia nigra
periaqueductal grey
reticular formation
basal forebrain

85
Q

superior colliculi

A

vision

86
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory

87
Q

substantia nigra

A

dopamine producing neurons

88
Q

periaqueductal grey

A

pain perception
opioid receptors

89
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal

90
Q

basal forebrain

A

sleep

91
Q

hindbrain structures

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum

92
Q

medulla

A

bridge between brain and spinal cord
heatrate and repiration

93
Q

pons

A

motor control and
REM sleep

94
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates motor activity
motor learning

Brain and behavior (3 decks)

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