exam 1 Flashcards
trephining
drilling a hole in the skull to release evil spirits
edwin smith surgical papyrus (ancient egypt)
recognize significance of nervous system
believe paralysis is due to damage to nervous system
Quran, old & new testament
never mention the brain only the heart
liver source of passion
stomach source of courage
bowels source of pity
Aristotle
mental capacities is a function of the heart
brain is a cooling system for blood
blood humor
sanguine
enthusiastic and social
yellow bile humor
choleric
decisive and goal oriented
black bile humor
melancholic
analytical, deep thinker/feeler
phlegm humor
phlegmatic
peaceful and quiet
Galen
“father of medicine”
dissected mortally wounded gladiators and animals
_____ transmitted info to and from brain
behavior created by animal spirits in the nerves
poor understanding of anatomy
divinci
intricate drawings of anatomy
Descartes
control of behavior is spinal reflexes
dualism (mind separate from body)
pineal gland is the seat of the soul
wilis
brain is an ordered system made by god
phrenology
bumps on head reveals one character
helps establish localized behavior
brocca
patients with damage to specific brain area struggle to produce speech
lashley
specific lesions failed to find specific area for memory
more critical damage leads to poorer performance
Antonj van Leeuwenhoek
invented the light microscope
camillo Golgi
made stain for neurons
nervous system was interconnected fibers
Santiago Ramon Cajal
nervous system is seperate individual cells
used Golgi stain for discovery
luigi Galvani
bio electricity using dead frog (legs)
otto loewi
used heart to determine chemicals influence electrical activity
Donald Hebb
electrical stimulation of neurons strengthened concentration?
basis of learning
between-subject design
in control OR experimental condition
within-subjects design
subject experiences ALL conditions at some point
correlational design
measure two variables without manipulation
somatic intervention
manipulate physiology to measure change in behavior
gives mechanism of action
behavioral intervention
manipulate behavior and measure physiology
CT scan
picture of brain using radiation
excellent structural information
can’t detect activiity
PET scan
chemical traces associated with proteins in the body
good at location and level of activity of a specific NT
poor resolution
MRI
radio frequency pulses spin hydrogen atoms
different tissues behave differently
high resolution and no radiation
can not detect activity
FMRI
measure oxygenated blood
high resolutions, detects activity, no radiation
can’t detect specific neurotransmitters
assumes blood correlates with neural activity
diffusion tensor tech (DTI)
detects movement of water in axons
tells what are connected
does not show direction
EEG/ERP/MEG
detects electrical activity through skull
electrical picture of the brain
useful for sleep or epilepsy
difficult to pinpoint activity
single cell recording
implant recording electrode into single neuron
can record activity in free moving animal
limited by electrode stability
Golgi stain
shows entire neuron
Nisil stain
shows only cell body
fluorescent microscopy
sample treated with light emitting chemical
degrades so needs fast acting
Protein/MRNA blotting
quantitative, non-subjective, reliable way to count cells
optical density
lose anatomical resolution
more objective than cell counting
micro-dialysis
measures levels of neurotransmitters in free moving animal
difficult to detect some molecules
brain lesions
determines if behavior depends on brain area
electric lesions
insert electrode and apply current
non-selective
neurotoxic lesions
insert cannula and deliver toxin
destroys only cell body
drugs
various ways of administration
can discover that certain molecules in certain brain region importance for behavior
requires brain surgery, drug specificity, drug can diffuse into other areas
deep brain stimulation
implant micro-electrode and apply electrical current
used for parkinsons and some types of depression
ID brain function
devices can cause problems
transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS)
apply magnetic pulse through skull via wire coil
slow pulses used to treat depression and motor diseases
enhance attention and memory in healthy controls
ID cortical area function, activate or inactivate neurons
no deep brain structures
optogenetics
specific neurons turn on or off when hit by a wavelength of light
precisely determine neurons important for a behavior
limited by surgical/clinical ability
genetic engineering
gene expression leds to a change in proteins
endless possibilities
ethical issues
multipolar neuron
several dendrites, on axon
most common type
bipolar neuron
one dendrite, one axon
found in visual system
unipolar
one process divided, no axon dendrite
spinal cord (sensory)
dendrick spine
protrusion from dendrite
increases surface area for connections
glial cells
90% of cells in the brain
astrocytes
provide nutrients to the neurons from blood
fragmentation of synapses
microglial cells
remove debris from neural damage
maintain synapses
effect perception of pain
role in Alzheimer’s, takes away good synapses
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
provide myelin around axons
nerves
multiple axons bundled together in PNS
tracts
multiple axons bundled together in the CNS
somatic NS
motor neurons
sensory neurons
autonomic NS
innervates vital organs
sympathetic NS
fight, flight, or freeze
stress
made for quick on.off
parasympathetic NS
brings body to rest
brain protection
1) skull and menages
2) ventricles
3) blood brain barrier
rostral
anterior
caudal
posterior
ventral
inferior
dorsal
superior
ipsolateral
same side
contralateral
different side
white matter
myelinated axons
bundles of axons
grey matter
cell bodies
ganglion in PNS
frontal lobe
planning
flexible, creative, adaptive, emotion
occipital lobe
vision
temporal lobe
hearing and memory
parietal lobe
touch
corpus collosum
connect hemispheres
thalamus
sensory relay station
hypothalamus
hormone release
vital functions
motivate behaviors
basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
voluntary movement
nucleus accomdond
pleasure
works with ventral tegmental area
limbic system
hippocampus femex and mammillary bodies
amygdala
cingulate cortex
olfactory bulb
hippocampus femex and mammillary bodies
learning and memory
amygdala
emotion
cingulate cortex
attention
olfactory bulb
smell
mid brain structures
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
substantia nigra
periaqueductal grey
reticular formation
basal forebrain
superior colliculi
vision
inferior colliculi
auditory
substantia nigra
dopamine producing neurons
periaqueductal grey
pain perception
opioid receptors
reticular formation
arousal
basal forebrain
sleep
hindbrain structures
medulla
pons
cerebellum
medulla
bridge between brain and spinal cord
heatrate and repiration
pons
motor control and
REM sleep
cerebellum
coordinates motor activity
motor learning
