Exam 3

Question 1

Cuban Counterpoint (1940)

Answer 1

1. A book by Fernando Ortiz that is recognized as one of the most important books in LATAM history.
2. The book examines the debate between tobacco and sugar and from this he coined the term transculturation.
3. He used two products of Cuba to show material culture and national identity during the Great Depression.

Question 2

US Good Neighborhood Policy (1933)

Answer 2

1. President Franklin Roosevelt wanted to establish a better relationship with LATAM.
2. He wanted peace and stability rather than military force.
3. This policy also enforced trade and cooperation to maintain said stability.

Question 3

Eva Perón

Answer 3

1. She was the First Lady of Argentina during 1946-1952
2. She was the wife of Juan Domingo Perón
3. She formed the Peronista Feminist party in 1949 and introduced compulsory religious education in all Argentine schools.

Question 4

Transculturation

Answer 4

1. A term coined by Fernando Ortiz to describe the merging and converging cultures.
2. It’s a type of socialization and it is a continual process of cultural learning and relearning.
3. It is exchanges between cultures where a person learns and understands another culture outside of their own.

Question 5

José Carlos Mariátegui

Answer 5

1. He was a Peruvian author and Marxist.
2. He founded the Peruvian Socialist Party which later became the Peruvian Communist Party.
3. His essays explored the problematic aspects of Peru’s cultural, social, and economic life.

Question 6

Ernesto Che Guevara

Answer 6

1. An Argentinian Marxist revolutionary guerilla leader.
2. He has now become the symbol of revolution all around the world.
3. He worked with Fidel Castro in Cuba to help overthrow the Batista government

Question 7

Salvador Allende

Answer 7

1. The former president of Chile, he was the first socialist and Marxist to be elected president in Chile.
2. He redistributed wealth and land in Chile to try and fix some of Chile’s problems.
3. His attempts to build a socialist society failed and he was later overthrown by a military coup.

Question 8

Augusto Pinochet

Answer 8

1. A Chilean President who lead Chile in a Dictatorship from 1974-1990
2. He lead the military coup that overthrew Allende and took up leading after Allende was killed.
3. He became the symbol for human rights abuse and corruption killing thousands of people during his Presidency.

Question 9

The National Security Doctrine (1960-1980)

Answer 9

1. Scorched earth campaign against the guerilla and Maya communities
2. First took shape under the Brazilian military government
3. The US increased their assistance resulting in more bloodshed in Guatemala and LATAM

Question 10

Operation Condor

Answer 10

1. A covert cooperation of military dictatorships in South America backed by the US.
2. It was a campaign of political repression and state terror
3. It aimed to persecute and eliminate people considered political enemies.

Question 11

Madres de la plaza de Mayo

Answer 11

1. A human rights organization made up of the mothers and grandmothers of the Desaparecidos in Argentina
2. It aims to bring attention to the cruelty of the Argentinian government in the 1970s
3. It is a public demonstration/march in the Plaza de Mayo, the members meet every Thursday in front of the Presidential Palace.

Question 12

Caravan of Death

Answer 12

1. A Chilean army death squad following the coup in 1973.
2. Made up of several army officers created by Pinochet
3. Main purpose was to hunt and kill opposition activists

Question 13

Los desaparecidos

Answer 13

1. 30,000 people that were kidnapped, tortured, and killed because they were suspected to be left-wing activists
2. Taking place in the 1970s, some of the victims were pregnant women and this later influenced the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo movement
3. This happened during the Dirty War in Argentina and left a big scar in history and still affects the country to this day

Question 14

The Chicago Boys

Answer 14

1. A group of Chilean economists in the 1970s and 80s
2. They wanted to decrease natural spending, end inflation, and promote economic growth
3. Unfortunately, it caused a create economic inequality; their efforts boosted Chile’s economic growth but now Chile has one of the most unequal economies in the world.

Question 15

Oppressor vs. Oppressed

Answer 15

1. An ideology created by Paulo Freire highlighting the key to liberation.
2. This oppressor vs. oppressed way of thinking describes how there is a fear of freedom and this manifests itself according to whether or not the person is the oppressed or the oppressor.
3. For the oppressed it is the freedom of fear is to assume or own up to their own freedom. For the oppressor it is the fear of loosing their freedom to the oppressed.

Question 16

Internal enemy

Answer 16

1. Internal enemies are people, or groups of people, in a country that are perceived as threats by the government/dictators. Usually they are targeted and persecuted. In LATAM they were usually targeted by the military people in operation condor.

Question 17

Banking Education

Answer 17

1. A term used by Paulo Freire to describe the traditional education system in Brazil/LATAM
2. It was described as the students being containers that the teachers put education into with no questions asked.
3. The students are seen as less than the teachers and their only job is to receive the information, memorize, and repeat.

Question 18

Liberation theology

Answer 18

1. A concept that combines some Marxist and Biblical motifs, thought up by Gutierrez
2. It emphasizes the Christian duty to help the poor and oppressed
3. This is done through involvement in political and civic affairs

Question 19

conscientização

Answer 19

1. Used by Freire to describe the awareness that one needs to learn regarding political, social, and economic issues
2. It is the process of learning about these issues and becoming aware that they are issues
3. The outcome would be society working together to create new norms and procedures

Question 20

Solentiname

Answer 20

1. An island that had two small communities set up by Ernesto Cardenal
2. It was a little Utopia that was filled with people who just wanted peace
3. Unfortunately, this pueblo of people realized that they could not continue to live this way because God called them to love His people and they could not do this within the walls of their community.

Question 21

Monseñor Oscar Romero

Answer 21

1. A bishop of San Salvador that was killed, he died as a martyr.
2. He was killed because stood up for the people that were being killed and even wrote letters to the President to protest about the murders
3. He spoke out against all the murders taking place in his radio sermons and got on the government’s bad side and ended up getting killed

Question 22

La violencia

Answer 22

1. A period of violence in Guatemala against the indigenous people
2. it was a state sponsored terror where about 200,000 people were killed
3. This happened in 1980-1982.

Question 23

REMHI

Answer 23

1. La Recuperación de la Memoria Historia was a truth finding project founded by the church
2. it was spear-headed by Bishop Monseñor Juan José Gerardi
3. Two days after it was publicized, the Bishop was killed.