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ENVI 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

nonrenewable resources and examples

A

energy from resources that can be depleted and are not replenished by natural process within human time scale
ex. ore, metallic and nonmetallic minerals, fossil fuels

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2
Q

renewable resources and examples

A

energy gained from resources that are replenished by natural processes in a relatively short time
wind, biomass, solar, etc.

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3
Q

% breakdown of US energy consumption by source

A

36% petroleum
32% natural gas
12% renewable
11% coal
8% nuclear

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4
Q

how do we extract non-renewables

A

surface mining - shallow mining, common
open pit mining - large pits
strip mining - horizontal mining close to surface
mountaintop mining - use of explosives
subsurface mining - below surface, shafts needed
block caving - V-shaped holes blown below so
deposit falls
hydrofracking

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5
Q

hydrofracking

A

oil and natural gas trapped between compressed layers of shale rock formations

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6
Q

environmental impacts of hydrofracking

A

Requires enormous volumes of water
Produces hazardous wastewater
Drilling for these wells can cause mini earthquakes
These could cause the release of hazardous wastewater into groundwater
Tap water contaminated, allowed some peoples water to light on fire!

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7
Q

nuclear power

A

controlled nuclear fission reaction in a reactor

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8
Q

nuclear fuel cycle

A

Mining the uranium
Processing and enriching the uranium to make fuel
Using it in a reactor
Safely storing the radioactive waste

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9
Q

concerns around nuclear power and how to prevent nuclear meltdown

A

Low net energy yield
high costs
fear of accidents
long-lived radioactive wastes
role in spread of nuclear weapons technology

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10
Q

sustainable ways to extract non-renewables

A

mining low grade ores
improve mining technology with biomining (using microorganisms)
recycling
shifting energy

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11
Q

how does solar power work

A

sunlight hits PV (photovoltaic) cells and produces flow of electrons

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12
Q

solar grazing and benefits

A

putting sheep in where solar farms are, supports solar and rural economy (being able to support local farms)
feeds sheep while carving a path for the solar panels, shade for sheep

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13
Q

how does wind power work

A

kinetic energy captured by wind turbines

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14
Q

pros of wind energy

A

reducing independency on nonrenewable resources
high net energy yield
wind is abundant

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15
Q

geothermal energy

A

heat stored in soil, underground rocks and fluids in the earth’s mantle

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16
Q

what does it mean to get energy from biomass (pros and cons as well)

A

Plant materials and agricultural waste that can be burned for fuel
(+): crops growth throughout the world
reducing dependence on oil
easy to store and transport
(-): low net energy yield
lots of land
soil erosion
lots of water

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17
Q

challenges with hydropower

A

few suitable sites
destruction of habits, displacing individuals with construction of dams
high costs
equipment damage storms and saltwater corrosion

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18
Q

issues surrounding nutrition

A

malnutrition of vitamins
A - vision
B, C, D, E, calcium
iron - oxygen transportation
iodine - controls glands and metabolism

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19
Q

food desert

A

geographical area where there is little access to nutritious, fresh food

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20
Q

food security

A

daily access to enough nutritious food to live healthy lives

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21
Q

organizations trying to prevent food desert

A

Greater Good Grocery (lower prices)
VINES (volunteers improving neighborhood environments)

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22
Q

main ways we produce food

A

croplands (rice, soy)
rangelands, pastures, feedlots (meat)
fisheries and aquaculture (fish)

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23
Q

how to increase global food production

A

irrigation
synthetic fertilizers
synthetic pesticides

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24
Q

difference between industrial and traditional agriculture

A

industrialized:
machinery/fossil fuel usage
on crop, large farms, profits
excess water
traditional:
energy from sun and human labor
enough for family survival

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25
Q

subsidies

A

Government payments or tax breaks intended to help farmers stay in business and increase their yields

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26
Q

issues with industrialized farming

A

high pesticides and fertilizers
large capital

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27
Q

what types of production/consumption have been increasing?

A

meat

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28
Q

CAFO and its problems

A

Concentrated (confined) Animal Feeding Operation
animals in cages at farms trying to produce a larger yield
major methane emitter
diseases to become resistant to antibiotics

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29
Q

ways industrialized food production uses increased amounts of energy from fossil fuels?

A

farm machinery
fishing vessels
pump irrigation
producing synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
process, manufacture, transport of food

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30
Q

issues exacerbated by agriculture

A

Top soil erosion
waterlogging (raising of water table)
soil salinization (accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers)
desertification (fertile land becomes desert)

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31
Q

agrobiodiversity and how to maintain it

A

genetic variety of animal and plant species used in farms to produce food
create seed banks (dangerous with war and climate change)

32
Q

environmental impacts of meat production

A

lots of water
methane
use of antibiotics

33
Q

environmental impacts of aquaculture

A

Wild fish caught from oceans is to make fish meal to feed the dish in aquaculture
Fish high on trophic levels – carnivorous fish sick as salmon and tuna produce a lot of waste that pollute aquatic ecosystems
Certain environments (such as mangrove forest) could be cleared for fish farms – loss of biodiversity and potential flood control if done

34
Q

synthetic pesticides

A

chemicals used to kill or control organisms we consider pests
o Insecticides – kills insects
o Herbicides – kills weeds
o fungicides - kills fungi
o Rodenticides – kill rodents

35
Q

alternatives to synthetic pesticides

A

biological controls (natural predator, parasite, disease causing bacteria and virus)
hard as they can become pests too and slower

36
Q

integrated pest management

A

cultural
physical-mechanical (different planting times)
biological
chemical

37
Q

general components of the food system

A

production
processing
distribution and transportation
marketing
markets and purchasing
preparation and consumption
waste recovery and nutrient cycling

38
Q

examples of environmental pressures in the food system

A

climate
features of the soil
plant and animal pests
diseases

39
Q

history of domestication of tomatoes

A

-People discovered that tomatoes made a good food crop
-Began to domesticate for it
-Farmers looked at traits that were beneficial and wanted to keep for generations
-Other cultures wanted this product for their own culture
-Domestication of tomatoes became globally important crop, having more and more genetic diversity

40
Q

transgenesis and the tomato related to it

A

-known as genetic engineering/GMO’s, you have someone in a lab working to insert a gene from one organism into another organism to get a desired trait
-added two new genes
-Cathie Martin produced higher anti-oxidant levels in tomato

41
Q

gene editing and the tomato related to it

A

-changing an existing gene already in the tomato plant, use an enzyme in a laboratory to modify DNA already in the cell in ways that are desirable
-changed one gene
- Cathie Martin produced tomatoes with more vitamin D

42
Q

cross breeding and the tomato related to it

A

-Choosing two parents to cross breed to get varieties they are looking for (traits, colors, etc.)
-seen in nature but can take a while, new combination of many genes
-Philip Griffith produced galaxy suite (more fun and fresh)

43
Q

permaculture and designs

A

permanent and agriculture
intercropping - harvesting more than one crop in the same proximity
rainwater harvesting

44
Q

BU acres and the foods grown

A

gardening and composting group, annual and perennial crops such as garlic, potatoes, fruit trees, tomatoes, peppers, greens

45
Q

how to conserve top soil

A

terracing - sloped land into level
contour planting - plowing across instead of up
strip-cropping with cover crop - alternating between strips of row crops with cover crops
alley cropping/agroforestry - crops planted between trees/shrubs

46
Q

hydroponics (pros and cons)

A

growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, usually inside a greenhouse
(+):conserve water
grow all year around
no nitrate runoffs
reducing carbon footprint
efficient land use
no pesticides/herbicides
fake lights more effective than sunlight (red and blue wavelengths)
(-): large energy consumption

47
Q

aquaponics

A

Wastewater from fish ranks flows into hydroponic troughs where it nourishes the plants with nutrients from fish’s wastewater

48
Q

how to restore soil fertility

A

organic fertilizer and crop rotation

49
Q

organic agriculture

A

a production system that is managed to respond to site-specific conditions integrating cultural, biological and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity
(no synthetic chemicals added)

50
Q

perennial polycultures and benefits

A

don’t have to plant every year
(+): Biodiversity, less manual labor (helps farmers as well as soil)

51
Q

renewable energy sources used on farms

A

wind, solar, biomass

52
Q

anaerobic digester and benefits

A

produce energy when bacteria breaks down organic matter, using animal and food waste to turn into energy
(+): Save and make money for farms and businesses
Farm and partner stores can use energy supplied
Using renewable energy and preventing food waste
Less methane released in the atmosphere
look at map in NY!

53
Q

how to support sustainable agricultural practices

A

shop local
participating in community-supported agriculture (CSAs)
reduce food waste

54
Q

trends in global population size and growth rate

A

pop size increasing while the growth rate is decreasing

55
Q

cultural carrying capacity

A

maximum number of individuals a habitat can support

56
Q

equation for calculate population change

A

(birth-death) + (immigration - emigration)

57
Q

crude death and birth rate

A

death - number of deaths per 1000 people in a pop in a given year
birth - the number of live births per 1000 people in a pop in a given year

58
Q

how to estimate fertility

A

total fertility rate - the average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population

59
Q

how has fertility changed

A

lower now than the past

60
Q

factors that affect birth and fertility rates

A

importance of children as part of labor force
cost of raising and educating children
urbanization
educational and employment opportunities for women
average age of marriage
availability of reliable birth control
religious beliefs/cultural norms

61
Q

factors that affect death rates

A

medical advances
improved sanitation
safer water
better nutrition
larger food supplies

62
Q

infant mortality rate

A

number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before their first birthday

63
Q

what does age structure tell us

A

The numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle and older age groups in that population, looked at by country

64
Q

disadvantage with rapid population decline

A

less people to take care
retirement ages bumped up and pensions cut
slower economy

65
Q

demographic transition hypothesis

A

population goes from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, all related to industrialization/development of a country

66
Q

ways to slow population growth

A

educating and empowering women
family planning

67
Q

takeaway points of the Schneider-Mayerson 2021 article

A

More people are connecting climate change to reproductive choices
People who were planning on having children:
o Investment/motivation to stay engaged in environmental politics
o Children as future environmentalists
People who weren’t planning on having children:
o Opportunity cost of parenting
o Fertility as a socio-political tool, using it as a conversation piece with families and friends

68
Q

environmental impacts of mining

A

melting causes air and water pollution
mercury is toxic itself
tailings (waste)
coal miners develop black lung

69
Q

nuclear fission

A

the splitting apart of nuclei that release energy – each fission of the nuclei releases neutrons which causes more chain reactions

70
Q

cons of wind energy

A

Not In My Backyard Campaign
loud
not aesthetic
kills birds, especially bats

71
Q

pros and cons of pesticides

A

(+): effective
can increase crop yield
work quickly and safe if used properly
(-): dangerous to humans and other wildlife
remain in environment for long
cause pollution
pests can become resistant

72
Q

examples of financial pressures in the food system

A

cost of start up
overall interest in consumers
regulation costs
market value

73
Q

examples of social dynamics in the food system

A

demand for the product
origin or DNA modifications
nutritional profile
quality/appearance
taste

74
Q

traditional subsistence agriculture

A

use energy from the sun with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm family’s survival with little left over

75
Q

traditional intensive agriculture

A

higher crop yields by increasing human and draft animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water
o Farmers can sell this food for income
Less emphasize of yield for traditional

76
Q

plantation agriculture

A

o A form of industrialized, usually occurs in tropical countries – monocultures of bananas, coffee, soybeans, sugarcane, and palm oil (can be used to produce ethanol fuel or biodiesel fuel)
increase product and yield = higher profits

ENVI 101 (5 decks)

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