Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

subsidies

Answer 1

Government payments or tax breaks intended to help farmers stay in business and increase their yields

Answer 2

high pesticides and fertilizers large capital

Answer 3

Concentrated (confined) Animal Feeding Operation animals in cages at farms trying to produce a larger yield major methane emitter diseases to become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 4

farm machinery fishing vessels pump irrigation producing synthetic fertilizers and pesticides process, manufacture, transport of food

Answer 5

Top soil erosion waterlogging (raising of water table) soil salinization (accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers) desertification (fertile land becomes desert)

Answer 6

genetic variety of animal and plant species used in farms to produce food create seed banks (dangerous with war and climate change)

Answer 7

lots of water methane use of antibiotics

Answer 8

Wild fish caught from oceans is to make fish meal to feed the dish in aquaculture Fish high on trophic levels – carnivorous fish sick as salmon and tuna produce a lot of waste that pollute aquatic ecosystems Certain environments (such as mangrove forest) could be cleared for fish farms – loss of biodiversity and potential flood control if done

Answer 9

chemicals used to kill or control organisms we consider pests o Insecticides – kills insects o Herbicides – kills weeds o fungicides - kills fungi o Rodenticides – kill rodents

Answer 10

biological controls (natural predator, parasite, disease causing bacteria and virus) hard as they can become pests too and slower

Answer 11

cultural physical-mechanical (different planting times) biological chemical

Answer 12

production processing distribution and transportation marketing markets and purchasing preparation and consumption waste recovery and nutrient cycling

Answer 13

climate features of the soil plant and animal pests diseases

Answer 14

-People discovered that tomatoes made a good food crop -Began to domesticate for it -Farmers looked at traits that were beneficial and wanted to keep for generations -Other cultures wanted this product for their own culture -Domestication of tomatoes became globally important crop, having more and more genetic diversity

Answer 15

-known as genetic engineering/GMO’s, you have someone in a lab working to insert a gene from one organism into another organism to get a desired trait -added two new genes -Cathie Martin produced higher anti-oxidant levels in tomato

Answer 16

-changing an existing gene already in the tomato plant, use an enzyme in a laboratory to modify DNA already in the cell in ways that are desirable -changed one gene - Cathie Martin produced tomatoes with more vitamin D

Answer 17

-Choosing two parents to cross breed to get varieties they are looking for (traits, colors, etc.) -seen in nature but can take a while, new combination of many genes -Philip Griffith produced galaxy suite (more fun and fresh)

Answer 18

permanent and agriculture intercropping - harvesting more than one crop in the same proximity rainwater harvesting

Answer 19

gardening and composting group, annual and perennial crops such as garlic, potatoes, fruit trees, tomatoes, peppers, greens

Answer 20

terracing - sloped land into level contour planting - plowing across instead of up strip-cropping with cover crop - alternating between strips of row crops with cover crops alley cropping/agroforestry - crops planted between trees/shrubs

Answer 21

growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, usually inside a greenhouse (+):conserve water grow all year around no nitrate runoffs reducing carbon footprint efficient land use no pesticides/herbicides fake lights more effective than sunlight (red and blue wavelengths) (-): large energy consumption

Answer 22

Wastewater from fish ranks flows into hydroponic troughs where it nourishes the plants with nutrients from fish’s wastewater

Answer 23

organic fertilizer and crop rotation

Answer 24

a production system that is managed to respond to site-specific conditions integrating cultural, biological and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity (no synthetic chemicals added)

Answer 25

don’t have to plant every year (+): Biodiversity, less manual labor (helps farmers as well as soil)

Answer 26

wind, solar, biomass

Answer 27

produce energy when bacteria breaks down organic matter, using animal and food waste to turn into energy (+): Save and make money for farms and businesses Farm and partner stores can use energy supplied Using renewable energy and preventing food waste Less methane released in the atmosphere look at map in NY!

Answer 28

shop local participating in community-supported agriculture (CSAs) reduce food waste

Answer 29

pop size increasing while the growth rate is decreasing

Answer 30

maximum number of individuals a habitat can support

Answer 31

(birth-death) + (immigration - emigration)

Answer 32

death - number of deaths per 1000 people in a pop in a given year birth - the number of live births per 1000 people in a pop in a given year

Answer 33

total fertility rate - the average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population

Answer 34

lower now than the past

Answer 35

importance of children as part of labor force cost of raising and educating children urbanization educational and employment opportunities for women average age of marriage availability of reliable birth control religious beliefs/cultural norms

Answer 36

medical advances improved sanitation safer water better nutrition larger food supplies

Answer 37

number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before their first birthday

Answer 38

The numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle and older age groups in that population, looked at by country

Answer 39

less people to take care retirement ages bumped up and pensions cut slower economy

Answer 40

population goes from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, all related to industrialization/development of a country

Answer 41

educating and empowering women family planning

Answer 42

More people are connecting climate change to reproductive choices People who were planning on having children: o Investment/motivation to stay engaged in environmental politics o Children as future environmentalists People who weren’t planning on having children: o Opportunity cost of parenting o Fertility as a socio-political tool, using it as a conversation piece with families and friends

Answer 43

melting causes air and water pollution mercury is toxic itself tailings (waste) coal miners develop black lung

Answer 44

the splitting apart of nuclei that release energy – each fission of the nuclei releases neutrons which causes more chain reactions

Answer 45

Not In My Backyard Campaign loud not aesthetic kills birds, especially bats

Answer 46

(+): effective can increase crop yield work quickly and safe if used properly (-): dangerous to humans and other wildlife remain in environment for long cause pollution pests can become resistant

Answer 47

cost of start up overall interest in consumers regulation costs market value

Answer 48

demand for the product origin or DNA modifications nutritional profile quality/appearance taste

Answer 49

use energy from the sun with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm family's survival with little left over

Answer 50

higher crop yields by increasing human and draft animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water o Farmers can sell this food for income Less emphasize of yield for traditional

Answer 51

o A form of industrialized, usually occurs in tropical countries – monocultures of bananas, coffee, soybeans, sugarcane, and palm oil (can be used to produce ethanol fuel or biodiesel fuel) increase product and yield = higher profits