Exam 3 Flashcards
How does the brain determine whether to express the inhibitory (extinction) or excitatory (fear) memory?
Renewal
Renewal
a return of conditioned fear that occurs when an extinguished CS is tested in a different context than the one in which extinction training occured
ABA renewal
through the contextual conditioning mechanism, context A has become aversive. This favors the expression of the excitatory fear memory over the inhibitory extinction memory
ABC renewal
because it is novel, context C has an ambiguous relationship with both memories. In this situation, the animal defaults to the expression of the excitatory fear memory
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
debilitating/pathological fear memory resulting from a particular ‘index trauma’
PTSD sufferers show deficits in what kind of learning?
extinction learning
Exposure therapy
an extinction-based therapeutic intervention for PTSD and other disorders of fear and anxiety in which the patient is brought into contact with fear-evoking stimuli in a ‘safe’ environment
Active Avoidance Behavior
animals learn that behavior performed during the CS prevents the US from being delivered
Two Factor theory
1st Factor: learned fear acquired through Pavlovian processes
2nd Factor: Instrumental behavior that occurs when a response causes fear reduction
problem with the two-factor theory
if an animal is given too many tone shock pairings, it will never acquire avoidance even when it is free to do so
Learned Helplessness
The acquired belief that “nothing one does matters”
result of learned helplessness
opportunities to maximize benefit or minimize harm will be ignored
Objective helplessness
when the probability of an important outcome is just as likely in the presence and absence of an action
Subjective Helplessness
the expectation that outcomes encountered in the future will occur independently of your actions
Yoke Control Design
subjects are paired so that one, the master, controls what happens to both itself and its partner, the yoke
What was the result of the 3-way yoke design experiment for the shocked yokes?
they lost weight and developed gastric lesions (ulcers)
dorsal raphe nucleus
major serotonin-producing nucleus in the brain stem
mPFC implements the effects of control by inhibiting ___________ neurons
serotonin
SSRIs are a major treatment for _______
depression
dorsal striatum (DS)
a region crucial for the initiation of voluntary motion
major symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
akinesia (difficulty initiating motion), bradykinesia (slowness of motion), and resting tremor
S-R association memory
-If the outcome of a response is ‘satisfying’, the connection between the stimulus (S) and response (R) will be strengthened, making the response more likely to occur
-If the outcome of a response is ‘annoying’, the connection between the stimulus (S) and response (R) will be weakened, making the response less likely to reoccur
Skinner used what terms instead of ‘satisfaction’ and ‘annoyance’?
reinforcement and punishment
positive reinforcement
when behavior becomes more frequent in results in the addition of an appetitive stimulus (something the animal will seek out and consume)
Negative reinforcement
when behavior becomes more frequent because it results in the removal of an aversive stimulus (something the animal will reduce contact with or avoid)
punishment
when behavior becomes less frequent because of its results (can be positive, the addition of an aversive stimulus, the removal of an appetitive stimulus)
what was the purpose of the skinner box?
to demonstrate principles such as the shaping of successive approximations
Stimulus-Outcome (S-O) associations
the learned relationship between a previously neutral stimulus and a motivational relevant outcome that allows the outcome to be expected when the stimulus is presented
Pavolovian memory type
stimulus outcome (S-O) associations
Stimulus-response (S-R) associations
a strengthened relationship between stimulus and a behavioral response
