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Neuroscience of Learning and Memory > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Aplysia californica

A

A mollusk that feeds on algae in the shallows of
the Pacific ocean on the coast of the US &
Mexico

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2
Q

why are we talking about sea slugs in a
psychology/neuroscience class?

A

-Relatively small nervous system (~20,000 cells)
-Their neurons are identifiable
-Learning & memory in Aplysia’snervous system can
be fully understood

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3
Q

non-associative learning

A

when mere exposure to a stimulus alters the
magnitude or intensity of subsequent responses

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4
Q

Habituation

A

when a response to a stimulus decreases with repeated exposure. The process by which experience allows you to “get used to it”

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5
Q

Sensitization

A

when a response to a stimulus increases with repeated exposure, or with exposure to a different stimulus (cross-sensitization). The process by which experience makes you increasingly reactive

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6
Q

Gill withdrawal reflex

A

the siphon (thru which water
is expelled) receives a light manual stimulus,
triggering a reflex that causes the siphon & gill to
retract

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7
Q

Repeated light touch to the siphon causes the reflex
to become ____ intense (i.e. habituate)

A

less

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8
Q

Shock applied to the tail causes the response to
____ to its original intensity (i.e. dishabituate)

A

return

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9
Q

Habituation allows animals to _______, while sensitization and dishabituation reinstate and enhance ________ reactions

A

adjust; defensive

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10
Q

Gill Withdrawl Circuit

A

A simple circuit in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysiamediates gill withdrawal and encodes
the habituation and sensitization learning processes that alter this defensive reflex

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11
Q

Short Term Habituation (STH)

A

A decrease in the magnitude of a response that lasts for a relatively brief period, hours in the case of Aplysia’sgill withdrawal reflex

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12
Q

STH is mediated by __________ __________

A

Synaptic Depression

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13
Q

Synaptic depression is rapidly _______
in dishabituation

A

reversed

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14
Q

Long Term Habituation (LTH)

A

A long-lasting decrease in the magnitude of response, days-weeks in the case of Aplysia’s gill withdrawal reflex

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15
Q

What induces LTH?

A

Protein synthesis plays a crucial role

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16
Q

LTH is also mediated by __________ _________

A

synaptic depression

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17
Q

Short Term Sensitization (STS)

A

An increase in the magnitude of the response that for a relatively short period, minutes in the case of Aplysia’sgill withdrawal reflex

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18
Q

STS is mediated by ________ ________

A

synaptic facilitation

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19
Q

The facilitation is caused by

A

increased neurotransmitter release from the siphon
sensory neuron

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20
Q

What causes the increase in
neurotransmitter release?

A

-Serotonin release onto the terminal of the siphon sensory neuron causes an increase in the duration
of the action potential
-A longer action potential causes more calcium ions to enter the terminal, increasing neurotransmitter
release
-Neurotransmitter release is triggered by calcium, which enters the presynaptic terminal when the
action potential arrives

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21
Q

Long Term Sensitization (LTS)

A

An increase in the magnitude of a response that lasts for a long period, days-weeks in the case of Aplysia’sgill withdrawal reflex

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22
Q

LTS is a __________ process

A

multistage

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23
Q

STH & STS

A

brief synaptic depression or
facilitation mediated by changes in
neurotransmitter release

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24
Q

LTH & LTS

A

long-lasting synaptic depression or
facilitation mediated by addition or
subtraction of synapses

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25
Q

LTH & LTS require

A

protein synthesis-dependent
consolidation

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26
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Implicit/non-declarative, acquired through associative & non-associative mechanisms

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27
Q

Pavlovian Learning/Classical Conditioning

A

A form of associative learning about the relationship between otherwise neutral stimuli in
the environment and the motivationally salient stimuli & outcomes they predict

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28
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a ‘neutral’ sensory cue that does not elicit a major response when presented alone

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29
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US):

A

a cue, event, or outcome that can elicit a behavioral response (known as the
unconditioned reaction or UR) when presented alone

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30
Q

Conditioned Reaction (CR)

A

the learned response elicited by the CS once it has become associated with
the US

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31
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model λ-ΣV=ΔV

A

New learning (ΔV) will result if the US you get (λ)
differs (-) from what you expect (ΣV)

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32
Q

Where Does Eye Blink Conditioning
Occur in the Brain?

A

The cerebellum

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33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Plays a key modulatory role in motion, contributing to
timing and precision

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34
Q

Lesions of the
rabbit cerebellum
prevent the __,
but not the __

A

CR, UR

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35
Q

Reflex

A

an involuntary motor reaction that occurs in response to a particular sensory stimulus

36
Q

Parallel fibers

A

granule cell axons that
contact Purkinje cells

37
Q

Purkinje cell

A

large inhibitory neuron
that is the primary out put of the cerebellar
cortex

38
Q

Climbing fiber

A

axon that arises from
cells in the inferior olivary nucleus; carries
info about air puff (US) to the Purkinje cell

39
Q

Mossy fiber

A

axon that arises from
cells in the pontine nucleus; carries info
about tone (CS) to the Purkinje cell via
granule cells (blue)

40
Q

Presentation of the CS causes Purkinje cells to _____ the rate at which they fire
action potentials. The magnitude of the ______ correlates with the size of the eye blink CR

A

decrease

41
Q

Purkinje cells _________ the eye blink CR
pathway

A

disinhibit

42
Q

Both CS and US form excitatory (glutamate) synapses on Purkinje cells, yet experimental
manipulations of these projections that should produce associative LTP instead
produce ___

A

LTD

43
Q

LTD is mediated by a decrease in AMPA receptor function at parallel fiber synapses on
Purkinje cells

A

*The flow of sodium ions through AMPA receptors is reduced
*AMPA receptors become less sensitive to glutamate
*Fewer AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

44
Q

Emotion

A

A psychological state, triggered by external stimuli, that rapidly organizes and implements a complex, coordinated response that is appropriate/adaptive for a given situation

45
Q

Once triggered, emotions organize a coordinated
response at multiple levels:

A

*Conscious: feelings
*Cognitive: decision making
*Behavioral
*Autnonomic/physiological

46
Q

Constructionist Definition of Emotion

A

Emotions are a mix of other, more fundamental psychological components, and thus do not have
dedicated circuits underlying them.

47
Q

The amygdala

A

A brain structure in the temporal
lobe that plays a key role in
emotional processing

48
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

A

removal of the monkey amygdala causes a series
of bizarre emotional and motivational responses

49
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

The delusional belief that significant figures in your life
have been replaced with imposters

50
Q

Capgras Syndrome damage location

A

Neurological damage impacts the ‘ventral stream’,
which carries visual information from the occipital
lobe to the temporal lobe and amygdala

51
Q

a Capgras sufferer will remember
________ about a person (i.e. no amnesia), but still
believe that they have somehow been replaced

A

everything

52
Q

Emotional memory

A

Stored information that triggers an emotional reaction

53
Q

Fear conditioning

A

a form of Pavlovian learning in which a neutral cue (conditioned
stimulus) comes to predict an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus)

54
Q

Freezing:

A

immobility with increased muscle tension

55
Q

Freezing is a _________ behavior

A

respondent

56
Q

Increased cardiovascular function

A

heart rate and blood pressure increase when the CS is
presented

57
Q

Conditioned analgesia

A

the animal becomes less sensitive to pain when the CS is presented

58
Q

Hormonal changes

A

the CS increases corticosterone concentrations in the blood

59
Q

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

A

emotionally arousing stimuli cause you to sweat imperceptibly,
change the electrical conductance of your skin to change in measurable ways

60
Q

Lateral Amygdala (LA)

A

contains multimodal cells that
respond to auditory CSs AND
shock USs, thought to be a
crucial ‘locus of association’ in
fear conditioning

61
Q

Basal Amygdala (BA):

A

plays a role in routing information around the
amygdala and to other structures

62
Q

Central amygdala (CeA)

A

a major output region of the amygdala that
contacts all the other structures involved in producing conditioned
reactions to the CS

63
Q

the locus of association

A

the LA

64
Q

____ in LA is necessary for fear learning

A

NMDA

65
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

brainstem structure
crucial for freezing & conditioned analgesia

*PAG lesions prevent both effects
*Drugs that block opioid receptors injected into
PAG prevent conditioned analgesia

66
Q

Dorsal vagal complex (DVC)

A

brainstem structure
involved in conditioned changes in heart rates

67
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

brainstem structure
involved in conditioned hormonal responses

68
Q

CeA works via a complex _______ microcircuit

A

inhibitory

69
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

A

Region of the brain crucial for
‘executive function’ – a broad
term for various forms of
cognitive control and self
regulation necessary to
facilitate complex tasks and the
attainment of long term goals

70
Q

____ plays an
inhibitory role, regulating
emotional responses that might
interfere with other adaptive
behavior

A

mPFC

71
Q

Intercalated Cells (ITC)

A

inhibitory neurons
between amygdalar nuclei that receive
mPFC input

72
Q

mPFC lesion ________
conditioned
freezing

A

enhances

73
Q

Extinction Learning

A

Repeated presentation of the CS absent the US reduces the expression of a Pavlovian fear
memory

74
Q

Extinction produces a new ________ memory- the association between the CS and the absence of the US

A

inhibitory

75
Q

Cognitive Map

A

stored information about the attributes and layout of the environment that is
used to navigate through space

76
Q

The traditional behaviorist interpretation

A

animals learn behavioral
responses through reinforcement (an event or outcome that makes the
preceding response more likely)

77
Q

Tolman’s Maze Experiment

A

Behaviorist hypothesis: food at the end gradually
reinforces efficient maze running trial by trial

Cognitive map hypothesis: using a variety of
sensory inputs, the subject generates a stored
representation of the maze that allows them to run
it more efficiently

78
Q

Food ______ behavior, but, according to the
cognitive map hypothesis is not necessary for
spatial learning

A

motivates

79
Q

latent learning

A

information that is acquired and stored but does not
necessarily impact behavior until the correct test is performed

80
Q

Contextual fear memory

A

The chamber in which conditioning occurs can act as a CS, and becomes associated with the US through
Rescorla-Wagner learning rules. Later, the chamber itself will elicit conditioned reactions such as freezing

81
Q

When does contextual fear memory occur?

A

Contextual fear conditioning
occurs when shock US is
unsignalled (no tone CS
presented)

82
Q

immediate shock deficit (ISD)

A

if shock is delivered within 10-20 secs of the first time an animal is placed in a new
chamber, no contextual association is formed. Relatively weak conditioning will occur within the first 20-120 secs.

83
Q

Does contextual fear memory require the
formation of a cognitive map?

A

Place cells begin to show location-specific firing over a period of seconds to minutes, paralleling the times needed in the chamber to produce a strong contextual association.

84
Q

Do contextual fear memories require
NMDA?

A

no

85
Q

The role of the amygdala is _____ required for contextual conditioning when only one or a few shocks are given during training

A

always

86
Q

Hippocampus & amygdala are _______ at the time of learning to produce life-long contextual fear memory

A

needed

Neuroscience of Learning and Memory (2 decks)

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