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Psych 428 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Affiliative Social Behaviors

A
  • Social behaviors that bring animals together
  • Ex: Reproductive, Parental, Bonding
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2
Q

Aggressive Social Behaviors

A
  • Social behaviors that keep animals apart
  • Ex: threat/attack, territorial (aggression in defense of physical area)
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3
Q

What is Pair-bonding?

A
  • An enduring, preferential association between two sexually mature adults
    –> characterized by selective contact, affiliation, & copulation w/ the partner (vs. a conspecific)
    -often involves biparental care of the young
  • Adaptive to help the species survive
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4
Q

Benefits of Pair Bonding in Humans

A
  • Live longer (vs. unpaired counterparts)
  • increased intimacy
    –> inversely correlated with negative psych states (i.e. depressed mood)
    –>positively correlated with immune function, cardiovascular health, and kids’ psych/physical wellbeing
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5
Q

Prairie Vole Model of Pair Bonding

A
  • Socially monogamous rodents that live primarily in the US grasslands (limited food/water may have played a role in the development of their pair bonding)
  • Early Field Studies: using multiple-capture traps, they noticed same pairs repeatedly captured together
  • Pair remains together until one dies and the surviving partner usually does NOT pair w/ new mate
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6
Q

This social behavior functions to keep individuals together

A

Affiliative behavior

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7
Q

This hormone has been linked to aggressive behavior

A

testosterone (androgens)

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8
Q

Aggression and affiliation brain regions largely overlap, except for this brain region which is involved in aggression

A

periaqueductal gray (PAG)

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9
Q

Oxytocin into this brain region induces pair bonding in prairie vole

A

nucleus accumbens (or prefrontal cortex)

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10
Q

Males are more sensitive to the ability of this hormone to induce pair bonding

A

Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

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11
Q

This social behavior functions to keep individuals apart

A

aggressive behavior

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12
Q

This type of vole does not display pair bonding behavior

A

meadow vole

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13
Q

Pair bonding is induced by this behavior

A

mating behavior

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14
Q

Injecting AVP into the brain region induces pair bonding

A

lateral septum (LS)

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15
Q

This ‘idea’ suggests that testosterone and aggression are tightly linked only during certain times of the lifespan or in certain contexts

A

Challenge Hypothesis

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16
Q

This refers to the property of a system that regulates its internal environment to maintain stable conditions

A

homeostasis

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17
Q

This type or thirst is regulated by angiotensin

A

volemic thirst (or hypovolemia)

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18
Q

This is the key brain region of the feeding circuit

A

arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus

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19
Q

This hormone is a long-term regulator of food intake that comes from adipose tissue

A

leptin

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20
Q

These two hormones are made in the brain and have opposite effects on feeding

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanocycte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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21
Q

This type of period refers to activities that occur less than 24 hours apart

A

ultradian

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22
Q

This hormone displays a circadian rhythm that is tied to light exposure and not peak activity of animals

A

melatonin

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23
Q

This brain region is the most critical ‘coordinating’ clock

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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24
Q

This is the connection directly between the eye and the SCN

A

retinohypothalamic tract

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25
Q

This will happen to the activity of a free-running hamster when pulsed with light late in the ‘subjective night’?

A

“advance sunrise”/advance activity

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26
Q

Animals that are most active at dawn and dusk have this type of cycle

A

crepuscular

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27
Q

The key circadian hormone melatonin is made in this endocrine tissue

A

pineal gland

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28
Q

This refers to any type of environmental cue that synchronizes internal clock or biological rhythm

A

zeitgeber

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29
Q

In the absence of any light, mammals will show this type of circadian rhythm

A

“free running”

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30
Q

This type of clock is determined by signals outside the organism

A

exogenous

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31
Q

What do female meadow voles do in the winter?

A

They let their territories that are normally separate overlap to form same-sex groups
- helps with the limited resources and promotes survival

32
Q

What aspects of biparental care do male prairie voles exhibit?

A
  • Direct: huddling, grooming, contact, retrieving pups
  • Indirect: nest building, food hoarding
  • Paternal behavior towards offspring persists after the birth of subsequent litters
  • Offspring show attachment to the parents through increased vocalization if separated
33
Q

Which hormones are involved in social behavior? (BIG 2)

A
  • Oxytocin (OT) is associated with increased maternal care
  • Vasopressin (AVP) is associated with increased aggression
    **Act in a paracrine manner on neighboring cells
34
Q

Vasopressin Receptor Results in Prairie Voles

A

Higher AVP receptors in:
- Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) -> relays neural info relevant to homeostasis
- Ventral Pallidum (VP) -> reward
- Amygdala -> emotion
- Accessor olfactory bulb -> inputs from the vomeronasal organ

Lower AVP receptors in:
- Medial prefronal cortex (mPFC) -> attention, executive function
- Lateral Septum (LS) -> emotion, stress

–>Cohabitation in PV increases # of AVP neurons in BNST that project to LS
–> AVP injection facilitates pair bonding in males
–>V1a receptor in monogamous voles not seen in promiscuous

35
Q

Oxytocin Receptor Results in Prairie Voles

A

Higher OT receptors in PV:
- Bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)
- Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) -> motivation and reward

Lower OT receptors in PV:
- Hypothalamus
- Lateral septum
- Amygdala

–> Injecting OT into the NAcc or mPFC induces pair bonding even w/o mating

36
Q

Men with more RS3 repeats

A
  • inc. entrepreneurship
  • dec. score on Pair Bonding Scale
  • dec. likely to be married
  • inc. marital crisis/threat
37
Q

Intranasal OT effects on gambling

A
  • OT increases willingness to accept risk when associated with social interaction
    –> no effect if investor gives money to a “project” instead of a trustee
38
Q

Which sex of PV is more sensitive to OT?

A

Female

39
Q

Aggression

A
  • Overt behavior with intention to harm another individual
  • Elicited by different stimuli (may be adaptive or maladaptive and varies over the course of lifetime)
  • Many hormones modulate these behaviors such as androgens, estrogen, and serotonin (and their receptors)
40
Q

Agnostic Behavior

A
  • Aggressive and submissive behaviors elicited in social context

Two ways of looking at them:
- Single continuum (single scale of submissive to aggressive)
- Separate continuum (aggression and submission are on two separate scales of high to low)

41
Q

Set point

A

a value that homeostatic systems will work to achieve that is optimal for the functioning of the organism

42
Q

Osmotic Thirst

A

Body has too much salt -> add water

43
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Body is losing balanced fluids (blood, vomit, diarrhea, sweat) -> add Gatorade

44
Q

What hormone regulates water balance?

A

Vasopressin = Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- works in renal tubes to retain water
–> a lack of AVP/ADH causes diabetes insipidus (an overdrinking of water and excessive urination)

45
Q

What hormone stimulates drinking during hypovolemia?

A

Angiotensin II
–> acts with aldosterone with from zona glomerulosa of adrenal glands

46
Q

Why is it hard to study neural/endocrine mechanisms or even a single hormone/neuropeptide?

A

Another system kicks in to reverse the effects of the manipulation

47
Q

Postprandial

A

right after eating

48
Q

Postabsorptive

A

digestive tract empty, energy stored

49
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

50
Q

Effects of Insulin

A
  • increase glucose absorption and storage as glycogen or fat
  • decrease blood glucose
  • decrease glucose secretion
51
Q

Effects of Glucagon

A
  • causes liver to convert glycogen to glucose
  • increase blood glucose levels
  • pancreas releases glucagon when -> blood sugar is low and higher insulin levels
52
Q

During stress or severe energy expenditure, what do glucocorticoids do?

A

mobilize glucose from liver/muscle

53
Q

Streptozotocin

A

drug that selectively destroys beta cells, induces diabetes

54
Q

Where are there insulin receptors in the brain?

A

arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus

55
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A
  • Anabolic/Orexigenic effectors: increase appetite and food intake; suppress energy metabolism
  • stimulated by ghrelin
  • inhibited by leptin and insulin
56
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A
  • Catabolic/Anorexigenic effectors: decrease appetite and food intake, suppress energy metabolism
  • stimulated by leptin (also insulin, amylin, CCK)
57
Q

Long-term regulator of food intake

A

Leptin (inhibitory)

58
Q

Short-term regulators of food intake

A

Insulin (inhibits)
Amylin (inhibits)
Ghrelin (stimulates) –> mad by epsilon cells of pancreas

59
Q

What hormone peaks just before each meal?

A

Ghrelin

60
Q

What does ghrelin stimulate?

A

NPY neurons of the ARC and feeding

61
Q

What tissue produces leptin?

A

Adipose (leptin levels are proportional to body fat)

62
Q

Amylin

A

Peptide hormone secreted from pancreas
- decreases glucose absorption
- decreases glucagon secretion
- promote satiety
- slows gastric emptying and reduces food intake

63
Q

Chronobiology

A

field that examines biological rhythms in living organisms and their adaptation to solar (and lunar) related rhythms

64
Q

Period

A

repeating cycle of phenomena over time

65
Q

Ultradian

A

< 24 hours
Sleep cycles, feeding

66
Q

Circadian

A

~24 hours
sleep/wake

67
Q

Infradian

A

> 24 hour

68
Q

Circalunar

A

~28 days
menstrual

69
Q

Circannual

A

~ 1 year
mating

70
Q

Diurnal

A

active during the day
- ex: humans, horses, squirrels

71
Q

Nocturnal

A

active at night
- ex: hamsters, raccoons, owls

72
Q

Crepuscular

A

active at dawn and dusk
- ex: deer, rabbits, mosquitos

73
Q

Matutinal

A

dawn only

74
Q

Vespertine

A

dusk only

75
Q

Zeitgeber

A

potent environmental cue that synchronizes internal clock or biological rhythm
–> light is the primary zeitgeber among many animals

76
Q

Lesioning of the SCN

A

eliminates circadian organization of physiology and behavior

Psych 428 (3 decks)

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