Exam 3 Flashcards
The Cold War
After being Allies during WWII, the USA and USSR viewed each other with increasing suspicion. Their political differences created a climate of tension that plunged the two countries into an era of bitter rivalry. The Cold War begins when WWII ends (1945) and roughly ends when the Berlin wall falls (1989) or USSR collapses (1991).
The Iron Curtain
Term coined by Churchill in 1946, referring to Soviet domination of eastern Europe.
The Truman Doctrine
The United States should give money to the governments of countries fighting off communism. Keep communists from taking territory.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949): mutual defense agreement b/w the USA and its allies.
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
Josef Stalin (Soviet Union) blockaded West Berlin in June 1948. Truman responded by sending in transport planes w/supplies; he also sent 2 squadrons of B-29 bombers to Berlin. Stalin lifted the blockade in May 1949.
Marshall Plan
US financial aid to European nations to promote economic recovery and thus stabilize democratic governments. The similar Four Point Program gave aid to some nations in Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
Fair Deal
Expansion of the Social Security system. Raised the minimum wage in 1949 for the first time in eleven years. Housing Act of 1949. National health care plan and Civil rights legislation failed.
Taft-Hartley Act
Banned closed shops where membership in a union was a requirement for employment and gave workers the right to decline to join a union. Allowed states to pass right-to-work laws prohibiting union shops. Since then, 28 states have passed right-to-work legislation. Required unions to give 60 days advanced notice of a strike and outlawed many types of strikes and boycotts. Weakened labor unions overall.
Jackie Robinson
First African American to play in the MLB.
Executive Order 9981
Wipes out segregation in the armed forces. Signed by Truman in 1948.
Korean War
Aim was to stop North Korean communists from overtaking South Korea. China entered war when US got too close to their border. After a while, it was stalemate with the US accomplishing its goal.
Second Red Scare
A fear-driven phenomenon brought on by the growing power of communist countries.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Rosenbergs were charged with getting info from Ethel’s brother and were convicted and executed. They got confidential atomic info.
Joseph McCarthy
In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed he had a list of communists working in the State Department. Every time he made a charge that proved to be untrue, McCarthy simply made a new charge. The tactic became known as “McCarthyism.” The Senate later censured him.
The Baby Boom
Surge in children as a result of soldiers returning home from WWII.
Sputnik
The USSR launched the first satellite into orbit around the earth in Oct. 1957.
NASA
Eisenhower & Congress created NASA in 1958; first successful U.S. satellite launch occurred that year.
U-2 Incident
US spy plane shot down over the USSR; pilot Francis Gary Powers was captured.
Election of 1960
John F. Kennedy vs. Richard Nixon. The 1st televised presidential debates gave Kennedy a significant boost.
The New Frontier
Political slogan used by U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy to describe his concept of the challenges facing the United States in the 1960s.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
CIA plan to send 1,500 Cuban exiles back into Cuba in a military invasion to spur a revolution against Fidel Castro. Miserable failure, international embarrassment to the U.S.A.
Berlin Wall
Wall/barrier erected around W. Berlin (August 1961) to keep East Germans from fleeing to freedom in W. Berlin.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Pres. Kennedy announced a “naval quarantine” (blockade) of Cuba after discovering Soviet missile silos. Khrushchev (USSR) offered to dismantle launch sites in Cuba if the U.S would agree to respect Cuba’s sovereignty and remove American missiles from Turkey.
Assassination of Pres. Kennedy
The assassination of John F. Kennedy, took place November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding with his wife Jacqueline in a motorcade. The assassin is thought to be Lee Harvey Oswald.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS
Bans school segregation in a 9-0 decision.
Montgomery Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks, MLK Jr.)
Started by Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Improvement Association. Ended in victory following the Supreme Court ruling Browder v. Gayle (November 1956). Gave rise to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the prominence of Martin Luther King Jr.
The Little Rock Nine
Nine black students were refused admission to Little Rock Central high school against federal court order. The governor of Arkansas wouldn’t budge and Eisenhower had to nationalize the Arkansas National Guard and send in federal paratroopers to escort the kids.
Sit-in Demonstrations
In protest, African Americans would sit in places they weren’t allowed to. Police would have to force them out.