EXAM #3 Flashcards
Social groups include ________ ________ , within which the animals hold ________ ________ in common that may shape their social interactions.
extended families, genetic interests
Other types of social groups include ________, ________, and ________ in which members of many families may come together.
schools, flocks, and herds
eusocial groups
as having members that do not reproduce but rather serve as workers to benefit others in the group
For group living to persist the costs and benefits must add up so that the ______
fitness of the animals in the group is enhanced.
For any one animal, the decision to join a group must be the result of a situation in which________________
ultimately measured as fitness effects.
the benefits outweigh the costs,
selection favors behavior that has higher ______
benefits than costs.
Species with sterile workers are termed
___
eusocial.
______ species live in colonies with overlapping generations in which the mother (queen) plays the reproductive role and the offspring are workers.
eusocial
Sometimes animals come together in groups only to exploit ________ _______
social information
cooperation includes intentional signaling of events, such as ________
giving alarm calls when a predator is present.
Cooperation involves a cost for the donor animal, measurable in risk of____________ , and a __________________ for the recipient
lost direct fitness, and a potential fitness gain for the recipient
T/F: Donor behavior would never occur if the donor did not have a way to recover its fitness investment in the future
Truuuuue
kin selection
when an animal behaves in ways that add to the fitness of its close relatives, with whom it shares genes.
reciprocal altruism
the trading of aid in the present for potential returned aid in the future.
joint activity among animals to achieve a shared goal
cooperation
animals work together for some time so that the group as a whole benefits, but at a later date they compete for individual benefits.
selfish teamwork
What do you call a behavior performed without regard for self-interest?
Altruism
a truly altruistic act is defined as
one that involves one animal giving aid to another with no opportunity for payback
true altruism is entirely contrary to
darwinian thinking,
why is true altruism contrary to darwinian thinking?
darwinianism claims that everything an organism does is shaped by the drive to maximize its fitness
T/F: Truly altruistic aid-giving behavior is quite common
False
most cases of apparent altruism actually have roots in
self interest
What is the animal that gives the aid called
donor
the animal that receives the aid?
the recipient
the donor usually incurs a ______ for giving the aid.
cost.
examples of cost incurred by donor:
gives up food, puts self at risk of predation, delays its own reproduction
the cost for the donor translates into a _______ for the recipient
benefit
examples of recipient benefits
food obtained, protection from predation, increased chances of reproduction
any evolutionary explanation of aid-giving behavior must include
benefits to both the donor and the recipient
examples of rapid return aid-giving
mutual grooming among monkeys
a quantitative analysis of the balance between the cost of a behavior and the benefits gained from that behavior.
cost-benefit equation
What 3 concepts of animal behavior did William D. Hamilton contribute?
kin selection, cooperation, and selfish herds
explain social network analysis
Each animal is considered a node in the network, and social relationships are diagrammed as links among nodes.
social network analysis portrays social relationships as
connections in a web and analyzes the effects of the network on communication and social behavior
loss of a _______ ______ is more disruptive to information flow and more damaging to network structure than the loss of a _______ _______
central animal, peripheral animal
true/false: within a network, not all animals have the same amount of info
True
info can flow only between ______
linked animals
what are the six possible evolutionary explanations for aid-giving behavior and co-operation
- Kin selection
- Reproductive skew
- Group selection
- Social contract models
- Delayed competition
- Stolen aid/coercion
kinship can be a powerful force in holding groups together because all group members
have a shared genetic interest in the survival of the groups offpspring
what are the two ways an animal has of gaining fitness
1-reproducing
2-by aiding close relatives and adding to their reproduction
-this is kin selection
Hamilton’s equation
B/C > 1/r. orrrr rB > C
What do the letters stand for in
Hamiltons equation
C-elements of cost
b-benefit
r-relatedness
what do the letters REPRESENT in Hamiltons equation
cost-c-the lost potential fitness of the donor
benefit-b-added fitness for the recipient due to the acts of the donor
donor-recipient relatedness
what is the fundamental message of the cost-benefit equation
aid-giving behavior by the donor should be favored in the course of evolution if the donor–recipient relatedness (r) times the added benefit to the recipient is greater than the cost to the donor.
apply the cost-benefit equation to the example of the drowning sibling
C = the probability of the rescuer drowning in the rescue attempt B = the subsequent reproduction of the sib r = 0.50, the relatedness of rescuer and sib
An animals own reproduction is referred to as
classical fitness
measure of animals fitness that includes their reproductive output plus added reproduction of relatives due to aid-giving behavior by the first animal
inclusive fitness
inclusive fitness includes only the fitness benefits of
the aid giving behavior , not the entire reproduction of the relatives
social contract
arrangement of trust, in which a donor gives something in return for a promise that the recipient will give back something of equal or greater value at a future date.
guppy Fish that inspect predators use strategy that is:
nice: each start inspecting at same point in time
• retaliatory: If partner stops, inspector also stops
• forgiving: if inspector A’s
partner cheated in the
past, but resumes
inspection then A will
also inspect
tit-for-tat TFT
guppies… Always cooperate on initial encounter with new
individual & then copy partner’s behavior on next
encounter.
ex of reciprocity in vamp bats
satiated bat will share with hungry bat. More likely to share a blood meal with those that have shared in the past. • Low level of relatedness but still played a small role
Like mutualism but in this arrangement, animals
cannot help each other at the same time. Animal A
helps animal B now while animal B will help A
later.
reciprocity/reciprocal altruism
3 plumage colors of Lazuli Bunting Males
Dull brown (subordinate) u Intermediate u Bright blue & orange (dominant)
A form of cooperation where two or more individuals benefit from an interaction and gain more helping each other than if they were to act individually.
mutualism
Antipredator behavior where a social group of prey
approaches a predator, harasses it, and aggressively
tries to chase it away.
alarm calls are produced with behavioral displays
mobbing
_____hunting requires cooperation to be successful
group
costs of allogrooming
less vigilant for predators
benefits of allogrooming
Removal of ectoparasites • Tension reduction • Can be exchanged for currencies • Coalition formation • Access to resources • Entrance to new groups
what is allogrooming
when one individual grooms another
3 steps of the helping birthing process
1-nonprego female helper bat assumes the feet down birthing position as it tutors the prego female to assume this position
2-prego female in a cradle position during birth is being groomed by a helper
3-as the wing and the foot of the pup emerge the helper continues to groom the female that is giving birth
explain helping in the birthing process
bat midwives. Unrelated females assist pregnant individuals during
birthing process
l Also guide newborn pups to suckling position
examples of cooperative behaviors
l Elephant problem solving l Helping in the Birthing Process l Social Grooming l Group Hunting l Mobbing
Predicts that animals are more likely to
cooperate (or be altruistic) with relatives
kin selection
Requires genetic relatedness between
donor and recipient
kin selection
When an animal’s behavior benefits
the fitness of close relatives (those
with shared genes)
kin selection
Hamiltons rule
rB > C
animals will cooperate sometimes despite potential ____ to the individual
costs
true/false: individuals do not need to participate in the
cooperative act to still benefit
true
define cooperation
The practice of two or more individuals working
toward a common goal beneficial to group
members (the individuals cooperating
what are some benefits of social living
-Defense against predators **
-Assistance
-Foraging information
-Safety for subordinates
-Subordinate males can mate
-Reproductive interference
Egg dumping
what are some costs of social living
Transmission of disease -Competition -More conspicuous to predator -Interspecies fighting -Cuckoldry -Reproductive interference Egg parasitism/tossing
In eusocial animals, the effort that the offspring might normally exert in parental care for their own young is redirected to care for
siblings
In _____ societies in which dominant animals take advantage of their position, they manipulate social interactions so they gain food or shelter from subordinate animals.
mammal
parental manipulation
parents can manipulate the reproductive choices of their offspring using nutritional dominance and social dominance to keep young animals in a pre-reproductive state.
prisoners dilemma can be an example of
reciprocal altruism
general explanation of prisoners dilemma
situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group
reciprocity in cotton top tamarins
Will unrelated individuals help a stranger get access to food? • Yes, but only when paired with individual that helps
exes of altruism
Alarm calling behavior
• Helpers at the nest
what are the levels of inclusive fitness
Direct fitness
• Indirect fitness
Social donor loses opportunity
to produce offspring of its own
due to helping others
altruism
why do animals even help?
to increase their inclusive fitness
main components of eusociality
- communal brood care
- reproductive division of labor
- overlapping generations
communal brood care
individuals
other than parents care for young
reproductive division of labor
individuals in certain castes reproduce
(1 queen, 1-3 males) & others do not
individuals of different generations are
alive at the same time.
• Genetic relatedness .81
Overlapping generations:
species that are eusocial
naked mole rats, bees, wasps, ants
species that are altruistic??
florida scrub jay, geldings ground squirrel
species that practice mutualism
Lazuli bunting
species that be mobbing
meerkats
species that allogroom
chimps
Cooperative action taken by at
least two individuals or groups against
another individual or group
coalition
when coalitions exist for long periods of time they are called
alliances
exs of animals that form coalitions
chimps, dolphins
Cooperative action taken by two different
species to increase fitness of both.
Interspecific mutualism
who has a big theory on moral behavior in non-human animals
Frans de Waal
what is communication
The transfer of information from a signaler to a
receiver
3 major components of communication
1-signal
2-signaler
3-receiver
deeper what is communication question
An action on the part of one organism that
alters the probability or pattern of behavior in
another organism and is adaptive to either one
or both participants.
Communication systems evolve strategies that
-Benefit signal transmission
-Minimize costs associated with sending a
message
conspecifics?
animals belonging to the same species
The sender & receiver are co-evolving to
maximize their own ____
benefit
when individuals
other than the intended receiver, acquire and use
information from the signals around them.
eavesdropping
ex of illegitimate receivers
- Fringe-lipped bats/Tungara Frogs- fringe lipped Bats snack on Tungara frogs. They locate these frogs by listening for the calling sounds of male frogs, and can use their echolocation abilities to detect the water ripples surrounding the frogs — even after the frogs have stopped calling.
- Dolphins/Gulf toadfish—-Toadfish can eavesdrop on the calls of dolphins to avoid getting eaten. Researchers found that the fish stop calling to each other if they hear low-frequency “pops” from predatory dolphins.Mid
what is private common called
whispering
animals that be whispering
Several songbird species nBats nGround squirrels nFish nMoth -cotton top tamarins
scientists suggest that selection favor signals that contract eavesdropping and facilitate private convo, True or false
true
what was the original purpose of the cotton top tamarin research conducted by dr morrison
To investigate the use of human-directed mobbing
calls in a family group of captive cotton-top
tamarins, when exposed to an animal supervisor
previously associated with capture and medical
procedures.
what was the surprise discovery in cotton tops by dr. morrison
whisperingggg
location and details of cotton tops for dr. morrison
Central Park zoo. 5 cottons. adult male and female and their 3 male offspring
5 categories of calls
- Chirp
- Whistle
- Trill
- Chatter
- Long call
spectrogram parameters
- Begin and end time (s)
- Low and high frequency (Hz)
- Amplitude (dB)
what animal uses sensory exploitation and how
water mites. Acting like predator to attract prey
what animals give dishonest calls and how
barn swallow, vervet, firefly
mediums signals can be transmitted/conveyed by
air, water, and solids
the type and physical state of a medium can impact
signal transmission
what are some environmental effects that can cause interference in commo
–Anthropogenic noise (Interference due to
human activity)
-Habitat
-Other signalers
what are the diff types of auditory commo
Ultrasonic (frequency above human) &
Infrasonic (frequency below) sounds
describe visual common
-Communication without sound
-Allows for greater Interspecies
communication
describe olfactory/chemical commo
nTaste
nSmell
nPheromone
describe tactile commo
vibratory, touch ex: dolphins rubbing against each other and stuff. mating spider ex. dance or die
describe electrical commo
weakly electric fish. eels and the electric organ
reach of auditory signals
limited to within hearing range
varies with environment
reach of olfactory signals
can last for many days and travel
great distances on wind currents.
reach of visual signals
typically have the shortest range
again this varies with environmental conditions
what are some functions of commo
- Group Spacing and Coordination
- Recognition of kin, neighbor, or group mates
Reproduction (finding a mate)
- Alarm (predator announcements)
- Soliciting Play
- Finding Food (example honey bee dance)
exs of group spacing and coordination
keeping within a distance… exs…
define alarm
Predator announcement to conspecifics
what are the 3 diff alarm calls for vervet monkeys
1-chutter
2-barking
3-cough
chutter calls by vervet monkeys is for
sn*** alert
barking calls by vervet monkeys is for
leopard alert
coughing calls by vervet monkeys is for
eagle alert
exs of animals soliciting play
dogs doing their play bow
chimps with their :play face”
what is it called to relay food finding info
foraging info
why do the honeybees waggle dance
to communicate food foraging info
what 2 things does the waggle dance communicate
- Distance from the hive to the food source
- The location (angle) of food source in relation to sun
•Quality of food source can be communicated by
parts of dance or by pheromones
chutter calls by vervet monkeys is for
sn*** alert, stand up and scan
barking calls by vervet monkeys is for
leopard alert. head to end of the branches. where they are thin
coughing calls by vervet monkeys is for
eagle alert . head to center of the tree
jumping spider courtship
traces female thread back to its source to try and mate. female only mates once. male has to perform a courtship dance, beats his body together to create vibrations that travel thru the ground. its a song. series of vibrations, 3. female may mate or refuse, or eat him instead. when the males were prevented from singing, they were more likely to be eaten by her. . males are thirsty, they even tried to mate with frozen female spiders. wow.
woodpecker impersonations
david Attenborough impersonates the sound of a woodpecker marking its territory in order to observe the behaviour of a pair in a wood.
woodpecker territorial commo impersonations
david Attenborough impersonates the sound of a woodpecker marking its territory in order to observe the behaviour of a pair in a wood. came over to investigate his competition
who figured out the waggle dance of the bees
Karl von frisch
explain waggle dance experiment
two feeding sites were set up at opposite ends of a clearing. as bees approached one site or another they were marked with distinguing colors of paint. noticed they danced differently from each other. the angle of rotation matched the angle between feeding station and hives.
ability for honeybees to see ultra violet light allows
for them to see/know the location of the sun at all times
bees have an internal clock that allows them to
always know the current location of the sun based on what time of day it is, no matter what, season, darkness, whatever
longer time waggling means
food is farther away. 1 sec = 1 kilometer
shorter time waggling (round)
closer the food
elephant coop experiment
elephant need to pull rope with a partner in order to get the reward. has to wait for the arrival of the partner. if they pull it alone rope will unthread one elephant just put her foot on it to keep the rope from unthreading, and she did less work . here the elephants have learned their need for a partner.
meerkar mobbing video
spitting, growling, swarming sn***, jennif
monkey coop and fairness video
monkey with a rock on his side, monkey with hazelnut on his side. monkey offers his rock in hopes the other will help. monkey struggles but finally opens. he shares his hazelnuts with the other monkey that gave him the rock. teamwork.
naked mole rat video
born blind and bald. mom is the biggest and the queen. her subjects are her children, and maybe a few siblings. they will grow fast and be put to work to serve her. some hunt for food while some take care of her other kids. female mom is the only to breed. mates with her sons to breed.
dolphin coalition
2 bottlenose dolphins picking fight with spotted nose. then turn on one of their smaller own. jaw clapping and tail baiting. fighting over females. females wanna mate with many, males want them to mate with just them. males form alliances and female have to figure out way to defeat.
caterpillar and ant mutualism
Miami blue caterpillar produce sugary liquid attracts ants. they beat on the caterpillar and signal them to secrete the substance. the ants attack any of the caterpillars predators. ants are receiving a snack and the caterpillars are receiving protection
produced by one animal and carries a specific message to another animal.
a signal
public information
signals or attributes of an animal that are generally available to other animals in its environment. Public information can be exploited by other animals, sometimes to the detriment of the animal that has produced the information.
Double signaling. Urine marking in dogs and scratching
redundancy
ex of redundancy
dog marking with urine but also leaving scratch marks
a chemical signal used in transmitting information within a species.
pheromone
deceit signaling
Deceit occurs when one animal can exploit another in order to improve its fitness.
EPC stands for and means
extrapair copulation, animals that normally perform monogamy will creep and secretly mate outside of this pairing. individuals may nonetheless seek copulations with other partners, doing so at times or locations that make detection by their pair-bonded mate unlikely.
How does Fran’s de waal say chimps reconcile
Embracing and kissing
Two pillars of morality —-Fran’s de waal
Reciprocity -fairness
Empathy-compassion
Cooperating chimps experiment
Both chimps have to pull box to get food…. Until one is not as hungry and exerts less effort. But wants the reward
Ability to understand and share feelings of another
Empathy
2 channels of empathy
Body.. emotional ……… and cognitive..perspective
Selfish choice in chimps
Will he pick the token where they both get food
Prosocial choice
Both chimps fed
Chimp more likely to choose prosocial if
Animal draws attention to itself but not harass
Inequality with monkeys
Giving one grapes and other cucumbers
