EXAM #3 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Social groups include ________ ________ , within which the animals hold ________ ________ in common that may shape their social interactions.
A
extended families, genetic interests
2
Q
Other types of social groups include ________, ________, and ________ in which members of many families may come together.
A
schools, flocks, and herds
3
Q
eusocial groups
A
as having members that do not reproduce but rather serve as workers to benefit others in the group
4
Q
For group living to persist the costs and benefits must add up so that the ______
A
fitness of the animals in the group is enhanced.
5
Q
For any one animal, the decision to join a group must be the result of a situation in which________________
ultimately measured as fitness effects.
A
the benefits outweigh the costs,
6
Q
selection favors behavior that has higher ______
A
benefits than costs.
7
Q
Species with sterile workers are termed
___
A
eusocial.
8
Q
______ species live in colonies with overlapping generations in which the mother (queen) plays the reproductive role and the offspring are workers.
A
eusocial
9
Q
Sometimes animals come together in groups only to exploit ________ _______
A
social information
10
Q
cooperation includes intentional signaling of events, such as ________
A
giving alarm calls when a predator is present.
11
Q
Cooperation involves a cost for the donor animal, measurable in risk of____________ , and a __________________ for the recipient
A
lost direct fitness, and a potential fitness gain for the recipient
12
Q
T/F: Donor behavior would never occur if the donor did not have a way to recover its fitness investment in the future
A
Truuuuue
13
Q
kin selection
A
when an animal behaves in ways that add to the fitness of its close relatives, with whom it shares genes.
14
Q
reciprocal altruism
A
the trading of aid in the present for potential returned aid in the future.
15
Q
joint activity among animals to achieve a shared goal
A
cooperation
16
Q
animals work together for some time so that the group as a whole benefits, but at a later date they compete for individual benefits.
A
selfish teamwork
17
Q
What do you call a behavior performed without regard for self-interest?
A
Altruism
18
Q
a truly altruistic act is defined as
A
one that involves one animal giving aid to another with no opportunity for payback
19
Q
true altruism is entirely contrary to
A
darwinian thinking,
20
Q
why is true altruism contrary to darwinian thinking?
A
darwinianism claims that everything an organism does is shaped by the drive to maximize its fitness
21
Q
T/F: Truly altruistic aid-giving behavior is quite common
A
False
22
Q
most cases of apparent altruism actually have roots in
A
self interest
23
Q
What is the animal that gives the aid called
A
donor
24
Q
the animal that receives the aid?
A
the recipient
25
the donor usually incurs a ______ for giving the aid.
cost.
26
examples of cost incurred by donor:
gives up food, puts self at risk of predation, delays its own reproduction
27
the cost for the donor translates into a _______ for the recipient
benefit
28
examples of recipient benefits
food obtained, protection from predation, increased chances of reproduction
29
any evolutionary explanation of aid-giving behavior must include
benefits to both the donor and the recipient
30
examples of rapid return aid-giving
mutual grooming among monkeys
31
a quantitative analysis of the balance between the cost of a behavior and the benefits gained from that behavior.
cost-benefit equation
32
What 3 concepts of animal behavior did William D. Hamilton contribute?
kin selection, cooperation, and selfish herds
33
explain social network analysis
Each animal is considered a node in the network, and social relationships are diagrammed as links among nodes.
34
social network analysis portrays social relationships as
connections in a web and analyzes the effects of the network on communication and social behavior
35
loss of a _______ ______ is more disruptive to information flow and more damaging to network structure than the loss of a _______ _______
central animal, peripheral animal
36
true/false: within a network, not all animals have the same amount of info
True
37
info can flow only between ______
linked animals
38
what are the six possible evolutionary explanations for aid-giving behavior and co-operation
1. Kin selection
2. Reproductive skew
3. Group selection
4. Social contract models
5. Delayed competition
6. Stolen aid/coercion
39
kinship can be a powerful force in holding groups together because all group members
have a shared genetic interest in the survival of the groups offpspring
40
what are the two ways an animal has of gaining fitness
1-reproducing
2-by aiding close relatives and adding to their reproduction
-this is kin selection
41
Hamilton's equation
B/C > 1/r. orrrr rB > C
42
What do the letters stand for in
| Hamiltons equation
C-elements of cost
b-benefit
r-relatedness
43
what do the letters REPRESENT in Hamiltons equation
cost-c-the lost potential fitness of the donor
benefit-b-added fitness for the recipient due to the acts of the donor
donor-recipient relatedness
44
what is the fundamental message of the cost-benefit equation
aid-giving behavior by the donor should be favored in the course of evolution if the donor–recipient relatedness (r) times the added benefit to the recipient is greater than the cost to the donor.
45
apply the cost-benefit equation to the example of the drowning sibling
C = the probability of the rescuer drowning in the rescue attempt B = the subsequent reproduction of the sib r = 0.50, the relatedness of rescuer and sib
46
An animals own reproduction is referred to as
classical fitness
47
measure of animals fitness that includes their reproductive output plus added reproduction of relatives due to aid-giving behavior by the first animal
inclusive fitness
48
inclusive fitness includes only the fitness benefits of
the aid giving behavior , not the entire reproduction of the relatives
49
social contract
arrangement of trust, in which a donor gives something in return for a promise that the recipient will give back something of equal or greater value at a future date.
50
guppy Fish that inspect predators use strategy that is:
nice: each start inspecting at same point in time
• retaliatory: If partner stops, inspector also stops
• forgiving: if inspector A’s
partner cheated in the
past, but resumes
inspection then A will
also inspect
51
tit-for-tat TFT
guppies... Always cooperate on initial encounter with new
individual & then copy partner’s behavior on next
encounter.
52
ex of reciprocity in vamp bats
```
satiated bat will share with hungry bat. More likely to share a
blood meal with those
that have shared in the
past.
• Low level of relatedness
but still played a small role
```
53
Like mutualism but in this arrangement, animals
cannot help each other at the same time. Animal A
helps animal B now while animal B will help A
later.
reciprocity/reciprocal altruism
54
3 plumage colors of Lazuli Bunting Males
```
Dull brown (subordinate)
u Intermediate
u Bright blue & orange (dominant)
```
55
```
A form of cooperation where two
or more individuals benefit from an
interaction and gain more helping
each other than if they were to act
individually.
```
mutualism
56
Antipredator behavior where a social group of prey
approaches a predator, harasses it, and aggressively
tries to chase it away.
alarm calls are produced with behavioral displays
mobbing
57
_____hunting requires cooperation to be successful
group
58
costs of allogrooming
less vigilant for predators
59
benefits of allogrooming
```
Removal of ectoparasites
• Tension reduction
• Can be exchanged for currencies
• Coalition formation
• Access to resources
• Entrance to new groups
```
60
what is allogrooming
when one individual grooms another
61
3 steps of the helping birthing process
1-nonprego female helper bat assumes the feet down birthing position as it tutors the prego female to assume this position
2-prego female in a cradle position during birth is being groomed by a helper
3-as the wing and the foot of the pup emerge the helper continues to groom the female that is giving birth
62
explain helping in the birthing process
bat midwives. Unrelated females assist pregnant individuals during
birthing process
l Also guide newborn pups to suckling position
63
examples of cooperative behaviors
```
l Elephant problem solving
l Helping in the Birthing Process
l Social Grooming
l Group Hunting
l Mobbing
```
64
Predicts that animals are more likely to
| cooperate (or be altruistic) with relatives
kin selection
65
Requires genetic relatedness between
| donor and recipient
kin selection
66
When an animal’s behavior benefits
the fitness of close relatives (those
with shared genes)
kin selection
67
Hamiltons rule
rB > C
68
animals will cooperate sometimes despite potential ____ to the individual
costs
69
true/false: individuals do not need to participate in the
| cooperative act to still benefit
true
70
define cooperation
The practice of two or more individuals working
toward a common goal beneficial to group
members (the individuals cooperating
71
what are some benefits of social living
-Defense against predators **
-Assistance
-Foraging information
-Safety for subordinates
-Subordinate males can mate
-Reproductive interference
Egg dumping
72
what are some costs of social living
```
Transmission of disease
-Competition
-More conspicuous to
predator
-Interspecies fighting
-Cuckoldry
-Reproductive interference
Egg parasitism/tossing
```
73
In eusocial animals, the effort that the offspring might normally exert in parental care for their own young is redirected to care for
siblings
74
In _____ societies in which dominant animals take advantage of their position, they manipulate social interactions so they gain food or shelter from subordinate animals.
mammal
75
parental manipulation
parents can manipulate the reproductive choices of their offspring using nutritional dominance and social dominance to keep young animals in a pre-reproductive state.
76
prisoners dilemma can be an example of
reciprocal altruism
77
general explanation of prisoners dilemma
situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group
78
reciprocity in cotton top tamarins
```
Will unrelated
individuals help a
stranger get
access to food?
• Yes, but only
when paired with
individual that
helps
```
79
exes of altruism
Alarm calling behavior
| • Helpers at the nest
80
what are the levels of inclusive fitness
Direct fitness
| • Indirect fitness
81
Social donor loses opportunity
to produce offspring of its own
due to helping others
altruism
82
why do animals even help?
to increase their inclusive fitness
83
main components of eusociality
- communal brood care
- reproductive division of labor
- overlapping generations
84
communal brood care
individuals
| other than parents care for young
85
reproductive division of labor
individuals in certain castes reproduce
| (1 queen, 1-3 males) & others do not
86
individuals of different generations are
alive at the same time.
• Genetic relatedness .81
Overlapping generations:
87
species that are eusocial
naked mole rats, bees, wasps, ants
88
species that are altruistic??
florida scrub jay, geldings ground squirrel
89
species that practice mutualism
Lazuli bunting
90
species that be mobbing
meerkats
91
species that allogroom
chimps
92
Cooperative action taken by at
least two individuals or groups against
another individual or group
coalition
93
when coalitions exist for long periods of time they are called
alliances
94
exs of animals that form coalitions
chimps, dolphins
95
Cooperative action taken by two different
| species to increase fitness of both.
Interspecific mutualism
96
who has a big theory on moral behavior in non-human animals
Frans de Waal
97
what is communication
The transfer of information from a signaler to a
| receiver
98
3 major components of communication
1-signal
2-signaler
3-receiver
99
deeper what is communication question
An action on the part of one organism that
alters the probability or pattern of behavior in
another organism and is adaptive to either one
or both participants.
100
Communication systems evolve strategies that
-Benefit signal transmission
-Minimize costs associated with sending a
message
101
conspecifics?
animals belonging to the same species
102
The sender & receiver are co-evolving to
| maximize their own ____
benefit
103
when individuals
other than the intended receiver, acquire and use
information from the signals around them.
eavesdropping
104
ex of illegitimate receivers
- Fringe-lipped bats/Tungara Frogs- fringe lipped Bats snack on Tungara frogs. They locate these frogs by listening for the calling sounds of male frogs, and can use their echolocation abilities to detect the water ripples surrounding the frogs — even after the frogs have stopped calling.
- Dolphins/Gulf toadfish—-Toadfish can eavesdrop on the calls of dolphins to avoid getting eaten. Researchers found that the fish stop calling to each other if they hear low-frequency "pops" from predatory dolphins.Mid
105
what is private common called
whispering
106
animals that be whispering
```
Several songbird species
nBats
nGround squirrels
nFish
nMoth
-cotton top tamarins
```
107
scientists suggest that selection favor signals that contract eavesdropping and facilitate private convo, True or false
true
108
what was the original purpose of the cotton top tamarin research conducted by dr morrison
To investigate the use of human-directed mobbing
calls in a family group of captive cotton-top
tamarins, when exposed to an animal supervisor
previously associated with capture and medical
procedures.
109
what was the surprise discovery in cotton tops by dr. morrison
whisperingggg
110
location and details of cotton tops for dr. morrison
Central Park zoo. 5 cottons. adult male and female and their 3 male offspring
111
5 categories of calls
1. Chirp
2. Whistle
3. Trill
4. Chatter
5. Long call
112
spectrogram parameters
- Begin and end time (s)
- Low and high frequency (Hz)
- Amplitude (dB)
113
what animal uses sensory exploitation and how
water mites. Acting like predator to attract prey
114
what animals give dishonest calls and how
barn swallow, vervet, firefly
115
mediums signals can be transmitted/conveyed by
air, water, and solids
116
the type and physical state of a medium can impact
signal transmission
117
what are some environmental effects that can cause interference in commo
--Anthropogenic noise (Interference due to
human activity)
-Habitat
-Other signalers
118
what are the diff types of auditory commo
Ultrasonic (frequency above human) &
| Infrasonic (frequency below) sounds
119
describe visual common
-Communication without sound
-Allows for greater Interspecies
communication
120
describe olfactory/chemical commo
nTaste
nSmell
nPheromone
121
describe tactile commo
vibratory, touch ex: dolphins rubbing against each other and stuff. mating spider ex. dance or die
122
describe electrical commo
weakly electric fish. eels and the electric organ
123
reach of auditory signals
limited to within hearing range
| varies with environment
124
reach of olfactory signals
can last for many days and travel
| great distances on wind currents.
125
reach of visual signals
typically have the shortest range
| again this varies with environmental conditions
126
what are some functions of commo
- Group Spacing and Coordination
- Recognition of kin, neighbor, or group mates
Reproduction (finding a mate)
- Alarm (predator announcements)
- Soliciting Play
- Finding Food (example honey bee dance)
127
exs of group spacing and coordination
keeping within a distance... exs...
128
define alarm
Predator announcement to conspecifics
129
what are the 3 diff alarm calls for vervet monkeys
1-chutter
2-barking
3-cough
130
chutter calls by vervet monkeys is for
sn*** alert
131
barking calls by vervet monkeys is for
leopard alert
132
coughing calls by vervet monkeys is for
eagle alert
133
exs of animals soliciting play
dogs doing their play bow
| chimps with their :play face"
134
what is it called to relay food finding info
foraging info
135
why do the honeybees waggle dance
to communicate food foraging info
136
what 2 things does the waggle dance communicate
1. Distance from the hive to the food source
2. The location (angle) of food source in relation to sun
•Quality of food source can be communicated by
parts of dance or by pheromones
137
chutter calls by vervet monkeys is for
sn*** alert, stand up and scan
138
barking calls by vervet monkeys is for
leopard alert. head to end of the branches. where they are thin
139
coughing calls by vervet monkeys is for
eagle alert . head to center of the tree
140
jumping spider courtship
traces female thread back to its source to try and mate. female only mates once. male has to perform a courtship dance, beats his body together to create vibrations that travel thru the ground. its a song. series of vibrations, 3. female may mate or refuse, or eat him instead. when the males were prevented from singing, they were more likely to be eaten by her. . males are thirsty, they even tried to mate with frozen female spiders. wow.
141
woodpecker impersonations
david Attenborough impersonates the sound of a woodpecker marking its territory in order to observe the behaviour of a pair in a wood.
142
woodpecker territorial commo impersonations
david Attenborough impersonates the sound of a woodpecker marking its territory in order to observe the behaviour of a pair in a wood. came over to investigate his competition
143
who figured out the waggle dance of the bees
Karl von frisch
144
explain waggle dance experiment
two feeding sites were set up at opposite ends of a clearing. as bees approached one site or another they were marked with distinguing colors of paint. noticed they danced differently from each other. the angle of rotation matched the angle between feeding station and hives.
145
ability for honeybees to see ultra violet light allows
for them to see/know the location of the sun at all times
146
bees have an internal clock that allows them to
always know the current location of the sun based on what time of day it is, no matter what, season, darkness, whatever
147
longer time waggling means
food is farther away. 1 sec = 1 kilometer
148
shorter time waggling (round)
closer the food
149
elephant coop experiment
elephant need to pull rope with a partner in order to get the reward. has to wait for the arrival of the partner. if they pull it alone rope will unthread one elephant just put her foot on it to keep the rope from unthreading, and she did less work . here the elephants have learned their need for a partner.
150
meerkar mobbing video
spitting, growling, swarming sn***, jennif
151
monkey coop and fairness video
monkey with a rock on his side, monkey with hazelnut on his side. monkey offers his rock in hopes the other will help. monkey struggles but finally opens. he shares his hazelnuts with the other monkey that gave him the rock. teamwork.
152
naked mole rat video
born blind and bald. mom is the biggest and the queen. her subjects are her children, and maybe a few siblings. they will grow fast and be put to work to serve her. some hunt for food while some take care of her other kids. female mom is the only to breed. mates with her sons to breed.
153
dolphin coalition
2 bottlenose dolphins picking fight with spotted nose. then turn on one of their smaller own. jaw clapping and tail baiting. fighting over females. females wanna mate with many, males want them to mate with just them. males form alliances and female have to figure out way to defeat.
154
caterpillar and ant mutualism
Miami blue caterpillar produce sugary liquid attracts ants. they beat on the caterpillar and signal them to secrete the substance. the ants attack any of the caterpillars predators. ants are receiving a snack and the caterpillars are receiving protection
155
produced by one animal and carries a specific message to another animal.
a signal
156
public information
signals or attributes of an animal that are generally available to other animals in its environment. Public information can be exploited by other animals, sometimes to the detriment of the animal that has produced the information.
157
Double signaling. Urine marking in dogs and scratching
redundancy
158
ex of redundancy
dog marking with urine but also leaving scratch marks
159
a chemical signal used in transmitting information within a species.
pheromone
160
deceit signaling
Deceit occurs when one animal can exploit another in order to improve its fitness.
161
EPC stands for and means
extrapair copulation, animals that normally perform monogamy will creep and secretly mate outside of this pairing. individuals may nonetheless seek copulations with other partners, doing so at times or locations that make detection by their pair-bonded mate unlikely.
162
How does Fran’s de waal say chimps reconcile
Embracing and kissing
163
Two pillars of morality —-Fran’s de waal
Reciprocity -fairness
| Empathy-compassion
164
Cooperating chimps experiment
Both chimps have to pull box to get food…. Until one is not as hungry and exerts less effort. But wants the reward
165
Ability to understand and share feelings of another
Empathy
166
2 channels of empathy
Body.. emotional ……… and cognitive..perspective
167
Selfish choice in chimps
Will he pick the token where they both get food
168
Prosocial choice
Both chimps fed
169
Chimp more likely to choose prosocial if
Animal draws attention to itself but not harass
170
Inequality with monkeys
Giving one grapes and other cucumbers
