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Animal Cognition & Behavior > EXAM #3 > Flashcards

EXAM #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Social groups include ________ ________ , within which the animals hold ________ ________ in common that may shape their social interactions.

A

extended families, genetic interests

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2
Q

Other types of social groups include ________, ________, and ________ in which members of many families may come together.

A

schools, flocks, and herds

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3
Q

eusocial groups

A

as having members that do not reproduce but rather serve as workers to benefit others in the group

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4
Q

For group living to persist the costs and benefits must add up so that the ______

A

fitness of the animals in the group is enhanced.

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5
Q

For any one animal, the decision to join a group must be the result of a situation in which________________
ultimately measured as fitness effects.

A

the benefits outweigh the costs,

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6
Q

selection favors behavior that has higher ______

A

benefits than costs.

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7
Q

Species with sterile workers are termed

___

A

eusocial.

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8
Q

______ species live in colonies with overlapping generations in which the mother (queen) plays the reproductive role and the offspring are workers.

A

eusocial

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9
Q

Sometimes animals come together in groups only to exploit ________ _______

A

social information

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10
Q

cooperation includes intentional signaling of events, such as ________

A

giving alarm calls when a predator is present.

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11
Q

Cooperation involves a cost for the donor animal, measurable in risk of____________ , and a __________________ for the recipient

A

lost direct fitness, and a potential fitness gain for the recipient

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12
Q

T/F: Donor behavior would never occur if the donor did not have a way to recover its fitness investment in the future

A

Truuuuue

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13
Q

kin selection

A

when an animal behaves in ways that add to the fitness of its close relatives, with whom it shares genes.

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14
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

the trading of aid in the present for potential returned aid in the future.

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15
Q

joint activity among animals to achieve a shared goal

A

cooperation

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16
Q

animals work together for some time so that the group as a whole benefits, but at a later date they compete for individual benefits.

A

selfish teamwork

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17
Q

What do you call a behavior performed without regard for self-interest?

A

Altruism

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18
Q

a truly altruistic act is defined as

A

one that involves one animal giving aid to another with no opportunity for payback

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19
Q

true altruism is entirely contrary to

A

darwinian thinking,

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20
Q

why is true altruism contrary to darwinian thinking?

A

darwinianism claims that everything an organism does is shaped by the drive to maximize its fitness

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21
Q

T/F: Truly altruistic aid-giving behavior is quite common

A

False

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22
Q

most cases of apparent altruism actually have roots in

A

self interest

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23
Q

What is the animal that gives the aid called

A

donor

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24
Q

the animal that receives the aid?

A

the recipient

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25
Q

the donor usually incurs a ______ for giving the aid.

A

cost.

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26
Q

examples of cost incurred by donor:

A

gives up food, puts self at risk of predation, delays its own reproduction

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27
Q

the cost for the donor translates into a _______ for the recipient

A

benefit

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28
Q

examples of recipient benefits

A

food obtained, protection from predation, increased chances of reproduction

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29
Q

any evolutionary explanation of aid-giving behavior must include

A

benefits to both the donor and the recipient

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30
Q

examples of rapid return aid-giving

A

mutual grooming among monkeys

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31
Q

a quantitative analysis of the balance between the cost of a behavior and the benefits gained from that behavior.

A

cost-benefit equation

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32
Q

What 3 concepts of animal behavior did William D. Hamilton contribute?

A

kin selection, cooperation, and selfish herds

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33
Q

explain social network analysis

A

Each animal is considered a node in the network, and social relationships are diagrammed as links among nodes.

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34
Q

social network analysis portrays social relationships as

A

connections in a web and analyzes the effects of the network on communication and social behavior

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35
Q

loss of a _______ ______ is more disruptive to information flow and more damaging to network structure than the loss of a _______ _______

A

central animal, peripheral animal

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36
Q

true/false: within a network, not all animals have the same amount of info

A

True

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37
Q

info can flow only between ______

A

linked animals

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38
Q

what are the six possible evolutionary explanations for aid-giving behavior and co-operation

A
  1. Kin selection
  2. Reproductive skew
  3. Group selection
  4. Social contract models
  5. Delayed competition
  6. Stolen aid/coercion
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39
Q

kinship can be a powerful force in holding groups together because all group members

A

have a shared genetic interest in the survival of the groups offpspring

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40
Q

what are the two ways an animal has of gaining fitness

A

1-reproducing
2-by aiding close relatives and adding to their reproduction

-this is kin selection

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41
Q

Hamilton’s equation

A

B/C > 1/r. orrrr rB > C

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42
Q

What do the letters stand for in

Hamiltons equation

A

C-elements of cost
b-benefit
r-relatedness

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43
Q

what do the letters REPRESENT in Hamiltons equation

A

cost-c-the lost potential fitness of the donor

benefit-b-added fitness for the recipient due to the acts of the donor

donor-recipient relatedness

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44
Q

what is the fundamental message of the cost-benefit equation

A

aid-giving behavior by the donor should be favored in the course of evolution if the donor–recipient relatedness (r) times the added benefit to the recipient is greater than the cost to the donor.

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45
Q

apply the cost-benefit equation to the example of the drowning sibling

A

C = the probability of the rescuer drowning in the rescue attempt B = the subsequent reproduction of the sib r = 0.50, the relatedness of rescuer and sib

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46
Q

An animals own reproduction is referred to as

A

classical fitness

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47
Q

measure of animals fitness that includes their reproductive output plus added reproduction of relatives due to aid-giving behavior by the first animal

A

inclusive fitness

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48
Q

inclusive fitness includes only the fitness benefits of

A

the aid giving behavior , not the entire reproduction of the relatives

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49
Q

social contract

A

arrangement of trust, in which a donor gives something in return for a promise that the recipient will give back something of equal or greater value at a future date.

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50
Q

guppy Fish that inspect predators use strategy that is:

A

nice: each start inspecting at same point in time
• retaliatory: If partner stops, inspector also stops
• forgiving: if inspector A’s
partner cheated in the
past, but resumes
inspection then A will
also inspect

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51
Q

tit-for-tat TFT

A

guppies… Always cooperate on initial encounter with new
individual & then copy partner’s behavior on next
encounter.

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52
Q

ex of reciprocity in vamp bats

A 
satiated bat will share with hungry bat. More likely to share a
blood meal with those
that have shared in the
past.
• Low level of relatedness
but still played a small role
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53
Q

Like mutualism but in this arrangement, animals
cannot help each other at the same time. Animal A
helps animal B now while animal B will help A
later.

A

reciprocity/reciprocal altruism

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54
Q

3 plumage colors of Lazuli Bunting Males

A 
Dull brown (subordinate)
u Intermediate
u Bright blue & orange (dominant)
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55
Q 
A form of cooperation where two
or more individuals benefit from an
interaction and gain more helping
each other than if they were to act
individually.
A

mutualism

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56
Q

Antipredator behavior where a social group of prey
approaches a predator, harasses it, and aggressively
tries to chase it away.

alarm calls are produced with behavioral displays

A

mobbing

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57
Q

_____hunting requires cooperation to be successful

A

group

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58
Q

costs of allogrooming

A

less vigilant for predators

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59
Q

benefits of allogrooming

A 
Removal of ectoparasites
• Tension reduction
• Can be exchanged for currencies
• Coalition formation
• Access to resources
• Entrance to new groups
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60
Q

what is allogrooming

A

when one individual grooms another

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61
Q

3 steps of the helping birthing process

A

1-nonprego female helper bat assumes the feet down birthing position as it tutors the prego female to assume this position

2-prego female in a cradle position during birth is being groomed by a helper

3-as the wing and the foot of the pup emerge the helper continues to groom the female that is giving birth

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62
Q

explain helping in the birthing process

A

bat midwives. Unrelated females assist pregnant individuals during
birthing process
l Also guide newborn pups to suckling position

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63
Q

examples of cooperative behaviors

A 
l Elephant problem solving
l Helping in the Birthing Process
l Social Grooming
l Group Hunting
l Mobbing
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64
Q

Predicts that animals are more likely to

cooperate (or be altruistic) with relatives

A

kin selection

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65
Q

Requires genetic relatedness between

donor and recipient

A

kin selection

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66
Q

When an animal’s behavior benefits
the fitness of close relatives (those
with shared genes)

A

kin selection

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67
Q

Hamiltons rule

A

rB > C

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68
Q

animals will cooperate sometimes despite potential ____ to the individual

A

costs

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69
Q

true/false: individuals do not need to participate in the

cooperative act to still benefit

A

true

70
Q

define cooperation

A

The practice of two or more individuals working
toward a common goal beneficial to group
members (the individuals cooperating

71
Q

what are some benefits of social living

A

-Defense against predators **
-Assistance
-Foraging information
-Safety for subordinates
-Subordinate males can mate
-Reproductive interference
Egg dumping

72
Q

what are some costs of social living

A 
Transmission of disease
-Competition
-More conspicuous to
predator
-Interspecies fighting
-Cuckoldry
-Reproductive interference
Egg parasitism/tossing
73
Q

In eusocial animals, the effort that the offspring might normally exert in parental care for their own young is redirected to care for

A

siblings

74
Q

In _____ societies in which dominant animals take advantage of their position, they manipulate social interactions so they gain food or shelter from subordinate animals.

A

mammal

75
Q

parental manipulation

A

parents can manipulate the reproductive choices of their offspring using nutritional dominance and social dominance to keep young animals in a pre-reproductive state.

76
Q

prisoners dilemma can be an example of

A

reciprocal altruism

77
Q

general explanation of prisoners dilemma

A

situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group

78
Q

reciprocity in cotton top tamarins

A 
Will unrelated
individuals help a
stranger get
access to food?
• Yes, but only
when paired with
individual that
helps
79
Q

exes of altruism

A

Alarm calling behavior

• Helpers at the nest

80
Q

what are the levels of inclusive fitness

A

Direct fitness

• Indirect fitness

81
Q

Social donor loses opportunity
to produce offspring of its own
due to helping others

A

altruism

82
Q

why do animals even help?

A

to increase their inclusive fitness

83
Q

main components of eusociality

A
  • communal brood care
  • reproductive division of labor
  • overlapping generations
84
Q

communal brood care

A

individuals

other than parents care for young

85
Q

reproductive division of labor

A

individuals in certain castes reproduce

(1 queen, 1-3 males) & others do not

86
Q

individuals of different generations are
alive at the same time.
• Genetic relatedness .81

A

Overlapping generations:

87
Q

species that are eusocial

A

naked mole rats, bees, wasps, ants

88
Q

species that are altruistic??

A

florida scrub jay, geldings ground squirrel

89
Q

species that practice mutualism

A

Lazuli bunting

90
Q

species that be mobbing

A

meerkats

91
Q

species that allogroom

A

chimps

92
Q

Cooperative action taken by at
least two individuals or groups against
another individual or group

A

coalition

93
Q

when coalitions exist for long periods of time they are called

A

alliances

94
Q

exs of animals that form coalitions

A

chimps, dolphins

95
Q

Cooperative action taken by two different

species to increase fitness of both.

A

Interspecific mutualism

96
Q

who has a big theory on moral behavior in non-human animals

A

Frans de Waal

97
Q

what is communication

A

The transfer of information from a signaler to a

receiver

98
Q

3 major components of communication

A

1-signal
2-signaler
3-receiver

99
Q

deeper what is communication question

A

An action on the part of one organism that
alters the probability or pattern of behavior in
another organism and is adaptive to either one
or both participants.

100
Q

Communication systems evolve strategies that

A

-Benefit signal transmission

-Minimize costs associated with sending a
message

101
Q

conspecifics?

A

animals belonging to the same species

102
Q

The sender & receiver are co-evolving to

maximize their own ____

A

benefit

103
Q

when individuals
other than the intended receiver, acquire and use
information from the signals around them.

A

eavesdropping

104
Q

ex of illegitimate receivers

A
  • Fringe-lipped bats/Tungara Frogs- fringe lipped Bats snack on Tungara frogs. They locate these frogs by listening for the calling sounds of male frogs, and can use their echolocation abilities to detect the water ripples surrounding the frogs — even after the frogs have stopped calling.
  • Dolphins/Gulf toadfish—-Toadfish can eavesdrop on the calls of dolphins to avoid getting eaten. Researchers found that the fish stop calling to each other if they hear low-frequency “pops” from predatory dolphins.Mid
105
Q

what is private common called

A

whispering

106
Q

animals that be whispering

A 
Several songbird species
nBats
nGround squirrels
nFish
nMoth
-cotton top tamarins
107
Q

scientists suggest that selection favor signals that contract eavesdropping and facilitate private convo, True or false

A

true

108
Q

what was the original purpose of the cotton top tamarin research conducted by dr morrison

A

To investigate the use of human-directed mobbing
calls in a family group of captive cotton-top
tamarins, when exposed to an animal supervisor
previously associated with capture and medical
procedures.

109
Q

what was the surprise discovery in cotton tops by dr. morrison

A

whisperingggg

110
Q

location and details of cotton tops for dr. morrison

A

Central Park zoo. 5 cottons. adult male and female and their 3 male offspring

111
Q

5 categories of calls

A
  1. Chirp
  2. Whistle
  3. Trill
  4. Chatter
  5. Long call
112
Q

spectrogram parameters

A
  • Begin and end time (s)
  • Low and high frequency (Hz)
  • Amplitude (dB)
113
Q

what animal uses sensory exploitation and how

A

water mites. Acting like predator to attract prey

114
Q

what animals give dishonest calls and how

A

barn swallow, vervet, firefly

115
Q

mediums signals can be transmitted/conveyed by

A

air, water, and solids

116
Q

the type and physical state of a medium can impact

A

signal transmission

117
Q

what are some environmental effects that can cause interference in commo

A

–Anthropogenic noise (Interference due to
human activity)
-Habitat
-Other signalers

118
Q

what are the diff types of auditory commo

A

Ultrasonic (frequency above human) &

Infrasonic (frequency below) sounds

119
Q

describe visual common

A

-Communication without sound
-Allows for greater Interspecies
communication

120
Q

describe olfactory/chemical commo

A

nTaste
nSmell
nPheromone

121
Q

describe tactile commo

A

vibratory, touch ex: dolphins rubbing against each other and stuff. mating spider ex. dance or die

122
Q

describe electrical commo

A

weakly electric fish. eels and the electric organ

123
Q

reach of auditory signals

A

limited to within hearing range

varies with environment

124
Q

reach of olfactory signals

A

can last for many days and travel

great distances on wind currents.

125
Q

reach of visual signals

A

typically have the shortest range

again this varies with environmental conditions

126
Q

what are some functions of commo

A
  • Group Spacing and Coordination
  • Recognition of kin, neighbor, or group mates

Reproduction (finding a mate)

  • Alarm (predator announcements)
  • Soliciting Play
  • Finding Food (example honey bee dance)
127
Q

exs of group spacing and coordination

A

keeping within a distance… exs…

128
Q

define alarm

A

Predator announcement to conspecifics

129
Q

what are the 3 diff alarm calls for vervet monkeys

A

1-chutter
2-barking
3-cough

130
Q

chutter calls by vervet monkeys is for

A

sn*** alert

131
Q

barking calls by vervet monkeys is for

A

leopard alert

132
Q

coughing calls by vervet monkeys is for

A

eagle alert

133
Q

exs of animals soliciting play

A

dogs doing their play bow

chimps with their :play face”

134
Q

what is it called to relay food finding info

A

foraging info

135
Q

why do the honeybees waggle dance

A

to communicate food foraging info

136
Q

what 2 things does the waggle dance communicate

A
  1. Distance from the hive to the food source
  2. The location (angle) of food source in relation to sun

•Quality of food source can be communicated by
parts of dance or by pheromones

137
Q

chutter calls by vervet monkeys is for

A

sn*** alert, stand up and scan

138
Q

barking calls by vervet monkeys is for

A

leopard alert. head to end of the branches. where they are thin

139
Q

coughing calls by vervet monkeys is for

A

eagle alert . head to center of the tree

140
Q

jumping spider courtship

A

traces female thread back to its source to try and mate. female only mates once. male has to perform a courtship dance, beats his body together to create vibrations that travel thru the ground. its a song. series of vibrations, 3. female may mate or refuse, or eat him instead. when the males were prevented from singing, they were more likely to be eaten by her. . males are thirsty, they even tried to mate with frozen female spiders. wow.

141
Q

woodpecker impersonations

A

david Attenborough impersonates the sound of a woodpecker marking its territory in order to observe the behaviour of a pair in a wood.

142
Q

woodpecker territorial commo impersonations

A

david Attenborough impersonates the sound of a woodpecker marking its territory in order to observe the behaviour of a pair in a wood. came over to investigate his competition

143
Q

who figured out the waggle dance of the bees

A

Karl von frisch

144
Q

explain waggle dance experiment

A

two feeding sites were set up at opposite ends of a clearing. as bees approached one site or another they were marked with distinguing colors of paint. noticed they danced differently from each other. the angle of rotation matched the angle between feeding station and hives.

145
Q

ability for honeybees to see ultra violet light allows

A

for them to see/know the location of the sun at all times

146
Q

bees have an internal clock that allows them to

A

always know the current location of the sun based on what time of day it is, no matter what, season, darkness, whatever

147
Q

longer time waggling means

A

food is farther away. 1 sec = 1 kilometer

148
Q

shorter time waggling (round)

A

closer the food

149
Q

elephant coop experiment

A

elephant need to pull rope with a partner in order to get the reward. has to wait for the arrival of the partner. if they pull it alone rope will unthread one elephant just put her foot on it to keep the rope from unthreading, and she did less work . here the elephants have learned their need for a partner.

150
Q

meerkar mobbing video

A

spitting, growling, swarming sn***, jennif

151
Q

monkey coop and fairness video

A

monkey with a rock on his side, monkey with hazelnut on his side. monkey offers his rock in hopes the other will help. monkey struggles but finally opens. he shares his hazelnuts with the other monkey that gave him the rock. teamwork.

152
Q

naked mole rat video

A

born blind and bald. mom is the biggest and the queen. her subjects are her children, and maybe a few siblings. they will grow fast and be put to work to serve her. some hunt for food while some take care of her other kids. female mom is the only to breed. mates with her sons to breed.

153
Q

dolphin coalition

A

2 bottlenose dolphins picking fight with spotted nose. then turn on one of their smaller own. jaw clapping and tail baiting. fighting over females. females wanna mate with many, males want them to mate with just them. males form alliances and female have to figure out way to defeat.

154
Q

caterpillar and ant mutualism

A

Miami blue caterpillar produce sugary liquid attracts ants. they beat on the caterpillar and signal them to secrete the substance. the ants attack any of the caterpillars predators. ants are receiving a snack and the caterpillars are receiving protection

155
Q

produced by one animal and carries a specific message to another animal.

A

a signal

156
Q

public information

A

signals or attributes of an animal that are generally available to other animals in its environment. Public information can be exploited by other animals, sometimes to the detriment of the animal that has produced the information.

157
Q

Double signaling. Urine marking in dogs and scratching

A

redundancy

158
Q

ex of redundancy

A

dog marking with urine but also leaving scratch marks

159
Q

a chemical signal used in transmitting information within a species.

A

pheromone

160
Q

deceit signaling

A

Deceit occurs when one animal can exploit another in order to improve its fitness.

161
Q

EPC stands for and means

A

extrapair copulation, animals that normally perform monogamy will creep and secretly mate outside of this pairing. individuals may nonetheless seek copulations with other partners, doing so at times or locations that make detection by their pair-bonded mate unlikely.

162
Q

How does Fran’s de waal say chimps reconcile

A

Embracing and kissing

163
Q

Two pillars of morality —-Fran’s de waal

A

Reciprocity -fairness

Empathy-compassion

164
Q

Cooperating chimps experiment

A

Both chimps have to pull box to get food…. Until one is not as hungry and exerts less effort. But wants the reward

165
Q

Ability to understand and share feelings of another

A

Empathy

166
Q

2 channels of empathy

A

Body.. emotional ……… and cognitive..perspective

167
Q

Selfish choice in chimps

A

Will he pick the token where they both get food

168
Q

Prosocial choice

A

Both chimps fed

169
Q

Chimp more likely to choose prosocial if

A

Animal draws attention to itself but not harass

170
Q

Inequality with monkeys

A

Giving one grapes and other cucumbers

Animal Cognition & Behavior (2 decks)

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