Exam #2 Flashcards
______ provided a major arena for the _____ _____ debate in the 1970s and 1980s.
Sociobiology, nature-nurture
______ is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors,
phenotype
Genes can’t behave without an ______
and environments have no behavior without
_______.
environment, genes
What is in the nucleus of the cell?
Chromosomes
What are genes made up on?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Function of DNA?
Code for synthesis proteins.
What is DNA?
the genetic instructions for the biological structure of all cells
Name the major parts of a cell…
chromosomes are in the nucleus of the cell. inside chromosome are genes. inside genes are DNA
Two or more alternative forms of the same gene
alleles
diploid animals have ____ alleles per trait
2
2 of the same alleles (SS, ss)
Homozygous
2 different alleles (Ss)
Heterozygous
single copy of allele is necessary
Dominant:
SS
Homozygous dominant:
Ss
– Heterozygous dominant: Ss
Recessive:
2 copies of allele are necessary
homozygous recessive
ss
genetic makeup is
genotype
observable traits of an org
phenotype
example of mendelian genetics
satellite males SS or Ss don’t have their own territory. get leftovers from other independent Males. and independent males ss has their own terrotry and defends it . this mating strategy results in one gene that influences the outcome of the birds.
satellite males
SS or Ss
Independent males
ss
**review mendelian genetics slide
in first mod
change in the structure of dna
mutation
movement of genes from one pop to another
gene flow
the crossing over of chromosome pieces during cell division
sexual reproduction
example of a cross fostering experiment
great egret and blue heron egg swap. is the other bird aggressive now that it grew up elsewhere? genes vs environment?
Whats a FAP?
Fixed Action Pattern
definition of a FAP
Stereotyped motor response
initiated by specific environmental cues or stimuli
(sign/releasing stimuli)
a FAP can continue to completion without ____ _____ ______ _____
input from external stimuli
ex: that damn goose pushing the egg
what are the 3 reqs to be a FAP
- Stereotyped within an individual & across the species
- It is not learned, BUT some can improve with experience
- Must survive in an isolation experiment
what does IRM stand for
Innate releasing mechanism
what’s a IRM
Neural network/mechanism within an animal that
responds to environmental stimuli producing a preprogrammed
stereotyped species specific behavior
(FAP).
Stimulus adequate to activate/trigger a releasing
mechanism, setting in motion the FAP.
sign/releasing stimulus (releaser)
what are the 2 parts to the greylag goose FAP
1-motor component-roll egg b/t legs
2-steering component-roll toward nest
supernormal stimulus
causes a bigger/quicker reaction. big ass egg. many red dots on beak . increased ability to trigger the response
talk about the herring gull FAP
the red beaks
what happened with the stickleback FAP
male fish tries to attack female fish that enters his territory, if she does not flee and instead displays her abdomen with eggs, he begins courtship with a zig zag dance. they go back and forth. instructs her to enter his nest. her presence there causes him to prod her snout and release eggs.she swims out, he fertilizes the eggs. he then chases her away. bus as usual. mates with 3-5 and guards the eggs. chain of reaction.
What does Lorenz Hydraulic model represent
the motivation level of the animal
label the parts of the hydraulic model
tap.(pouring the water in)
reservoir (holding water)
valve (where water goes out) - irm
action specific energy (motivation) - the water.
spring they have to pull out.
FAP-the water coming out.
sign.stimulus releaser-the weight in the pan
What are some results of FAPs going wrong
brood parasitism and code breaking
brood parasitism
ex: cuckoo bird drops her egg into the nest of another species of bird who has recently laid eggs. the other bird raises the cuckoo and the baby cuckoo pushes other eggs out of the nest. the step mom is led to feed the bird by the annoying call. relying on others to raise your young.
imprinting
learning that occurs at a critical period during development
ability of an org to produce diff phenotypes in response to environmental cues (temp, nutrition, etc)
phenotype plasticity
ex. of phenotype plasticity
Mexican spadefoot toad tadpoles have 2 morphs. 1-carnivorus 2-omnivourous. depends on the diet. are there shrimp present or nah
talk about the bird song exp
here
what is code breaking
method by which certain animals gain a leg up on their competition by adapting the behavior of another species.
process by which permanent or long lasting changes in behavior are acquired as a result of experience
learning
allows rate of learning to be quantified
learning curve
what are the 2 different forms of learning
associative and non associative
what are the types of non associative learning (single stimulus response)
habituation and sensitization
classical condition and operant conditioning fall under what type of learninf
associative
gradual decrease of a response resulting from repeated presentations of a stimulus
habituation
sensitization
enhanced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus (horse and the hot clippers)
what was pavlov originaly studying
digestion in dogs
What is conditioning
a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
what happens after conditioning
the Neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus and we call the resins to this the conditioned response
explain classical cond
1-UCS naturally elicits an UCR
2-UCS gets paired with NS
3-causes the animal to respond to the NS as if it were the UCS
4-therefore, the NS is now a CS which elicits a CR
operant conditioning also called
instrumental
occurrence of a stimulus causes animal to change the freq of its behavior in order to change the freq of the stimulus
operant conditioning
what was thorndikes law of effect
the association b/t a stimulus & response will be strengehtned if the resins is followed by a satisfying event and vice versa
what is the diff in classical conditioning and operant conditioning
classical form associations between stem (CS & US), while operant forms an association b/t behaviors and consequences
who felt that behavior is followed by consequence and the consequence modifies the tendency to repeat the behavior in the future
BF Skinner
what are the 2 consequences
reinforcement and punishment
causes the prob of a behavior to increase
reinforcement
punishment
causes the prob of a behavior to decrease
the 2 kinds of stimuli are
appetitive and aversive
things that are please and rewarding
appetitive stim
aversive stim
things that are unpleasant painful or irritating
when behavior is followed by the addition of an appetitive stimulus causing the behavior to increase
positive reinforcement (rat pressing lever for food)
_____ is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding close and closer approximations of the desired behavior
shaping
what type of consequence does shaping use
positive reinforcement
behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus causing the behavior to increase in freq
negative reinforcement (rat presses lever to stop getting shocked)
positive punishment
behavior followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus causing the behavior to decrease (rat presses lever and gets shocked)
negative punishment (When a rat presses a lever all food is taken away)
behavior is followed by the removal of
an appetitive stimulus causing the
behavior to decrease
occurrence of the behavior chart
increase or decrease
what is Taste aversion (Garcia effect):
associating the taste of
a certain food with symptoms caused by toxic, spoiled, or
poisonous substance
3 rules of taste adversion
- Association occurs in a single trial
- Duration between the NS & the US can be long
- Adaptive value of the items being paired can
influence conditioning.
biological constraints
Built-in limits in the
ability to learn particular behaviors
ex of biological constraints
raccoons trained with food to put money in bank but eventually stop and just rub money between paws to see if it is edible
tendency for an org to revert to instinctive behavior
instinctive deft (raccoons and the coins)
When an animal attempts a series of solutions to a
problem, eliminating possible solutions that do not
work.
trial and error learning
what does trial and error learning help with/allow
Allows learning of optimal responses
– Animal learns behavior that is reinforced by the solution
extinction
when the UCS or reinforcer (or punisher) is removed, there is a decrease in the response are
responses acquired under ______ ______ reinforcement take longer to extinguish
intermittent reinforcment
why do we see variation in the length of time that associations last?
Fail to consider ecology of the species & if natural
selection may have shaped an optimal memory span.
sooo optimal memory? (forager bees example)
forager bees remember location and amount of food in a patch.
exp about group living vs solitary doves> ex. of evolution of learning
Had to learn how to open feeding device in the lab – Group living doves learned task more quickly than territorial – More difficult the task, greater difference between populations • More competition for food when living in a group – natural selection may favor learning in these doves
ex of evolution of learning_ stickleback fish. talk about it
predator rich vs predator free pops . trained to assoc side of tank with food and then with predator
what are some things that animals can learn
Learn where to live, what to eat • Learn about predators • Learn about Mate – Associate cues (odor) with mating opportunities • Learn about familial relationships (Who is kin?) – Learn calls of kin • Learn about aggression – Winner/loser effects
culture is the transfer of info from individual to individual via
social learning and teaching
modified def of culture
A system of
information transfer that affects an
individual’s phenotype/behavior.
social learning
One animal models the behavior that a
second animal picks up (potato washing in the Japanese macaques) also nut cracking in chimps
what degrees of social learning do not equal cultural transmission
local enhancement and social facilitation
local enhancement
attention is directed to a place where individuals are (Webster and hart exp?) this type of learning doesn’t lead to culture
social facilitation
presence of another animal regardless of what its doing facilitates learning by increasing motivation or activity level (ex?) individuall learning that happens to take place in a group
observational cond
response of a demonstrator (fear to sn..) acts as unconditioned stimulus (ups), eliciting a matching response ( fear to sn..) in observer
observer attempts to reproduce end result of demonstrators behavior or goal rather than copying
goal emulation (monkey with the puzzle box that was see through )
observer copes the exact behavior of a model resulting in the achievement of the same response/goal
imitation
one rule of imitation
behavior must be novel-not already present in the observers behavioral bag
copying
behavior that occurs when observer repeats the actions of a model .. copier is often related for whatever behavior it has copied (model mouse being bitten by stable fly and hiding in debris while observer mouse watches. 24 hours later-observer mouse does the same when he sees fly)
what is the diff b/t copying and imitation and goal emulation
when animals copy each other, an observer repeats the behavior of a model
imitation requires that the behavior copied is novel
goal emulation does not req that the model behavior is copied, just that the end goal is the same
imitation ex
bird observes bird pressing blue lever for food. money trying to get into puzzle box with taps and etc
great tits opening milk containers to get milk is an example of
here
teaching
The behavior of the model animal changes
in the presence of a ‘student’ to facilitate
the student learning the behavior.
2 exs. of teaching
orcas showing young how to wave hunt, meerkats showing young how to eat scorpions
what are three reqs for teaching
1. Must provide an immediate benefit to student and not the teacher 2. Must teach only na ve students 3. Must give new information to students faster than they would have received it on their own
how do the meerkats meet the teaching req
1-spend significant time monitoring pups after presenting them with food
2-retrieve prey when pups lose their food
3-further modify scorpion
4-nudge pups reluctant to eat scorpions (increasing prob that pups will eat scorpion initially rejected)
how is culture transmitted
3 ways
vertical trans (parent to offspring via teaching or social learning), horizontal trans (peer to peer), oblique trans (adult other than parent to younger individual)
vertical trans ex
sponging behavior in bottlenose dolphin of Shark Bay Australia
if a trait is ________ we would expect to see it in multiple pops of a species
genetic
if a trait is from ______ it arises in one pop, initially by trial and error, then spreads. you may not see this behavior in other pops
culture
do genes and culture often interact
yes
nature school of thought
studies emphasized the roles of instinct, fixed patterns of behavior, and influence of evolution on behavior
who led the sociobiology school of thought
eo wilson
separating the effect of rearing environment from genetic/instinctive influences on behavior
cross fostering (transferring newly hatched to anther nest. switch a roo)
genetic info is molded across generations by _______, learn info is molded during each ______ ________
evolution, animal’s lifetime l
loss of response to a stimulus
habituation
lack of response to strong odors is more an ex of
sensory adaptation
increase in responsiveness to a stimuli due to experience with it
sensitization
behavior that results in a consequence that can be learned
operant
ease of conditioned learning is often dictated by
importance or relevance of the events to the animals ev history and ecological conditions
____ always decreases behavior
punishment
______ always increased behavior
reinforcement
the most successful training includes
positive reinforcement
the greylag goose is going to push that egg back to her nest, even if the egg is removed mid roll. she has to compete the FAP
FAP ex.
baby gull pecking the red dot on the parent beak
triggers the parent to regurgitate their food to feed the baby
Tinbergen did FAP experiment where herring gull chicks were presented with different stimuli to see if it would peck
hull exp
IRM example
sticklebacks becoming territorial and aggressive at the sign of a red bottomed male.. or a red anything really
aversion ex
wolf getting sick off the sheep
think of the IRM like this..
release sign/stim> IRM (brain)> FAp (motor response)
