Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Cognition & Behavior > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

______ provided a major arena for the _____ _____ debate in the 1970s and 1980s.

A

Sociobiology, nature-nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

______ is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors,

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genes can’t behave without an ______
and environments have no behavior without
_______.

A

environment, genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in the nucleus of the cell?

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are genes made up on?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of DNA?

A

Code for synthesis proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is DNA?

A

the genetic instructions for the biological structure of all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the major parts of a cell…

A

chromosomes are in the nucleus of the cell. inside chromosome are genes. inside genes are DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two or more alternative forms of the same gene

A

alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diploid animals have ____ alleles per trait

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 of the same alleles (SS, ss)

A

Homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 different alleles (Ss)

A

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

single copy of allele is necessary

A

Dominant:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SS

A

Homozygous dominant:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ss

A

– Heterozygous dominant: Ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Recessive:

A

2 copies of allele are necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

homozygous recessive

A

ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

genetic makeup is

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

observable traits of an org

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

example of mendelian genetics

A

satellite males SS or Ss don’t have their own territory. get leftovers from other independent Males. and independent males ss has their own terrotry and defends it . this mating strategy results in one gene that influences the outcome of the birds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

satellite males

A

SS or Ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Independent males

A

ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

**review mendelian genetics slide

A

in first mod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

change in the structure of dna

A

mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

movement of genes from one pop to another

A

gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the crossing over of chromosome pieces during cell division

A

sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

example of a cross fostering experiment

A

great egret and blue heron egg swap. is the other bird aggressive now that it grew up elsewhere? genes vs environment?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Whats a FAP?

A

Fixed Action Pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

definition of a FAP

A

Stereotyped motor response
initiated by specific environmental cues or stimuli
(sign/releasing stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a FAP can continue to completion without ____ _____ ______ _____

A

input from external stimuli

ex: that damn goose pushing the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the 3 reqs to be a FAP

A
  1. Stereotyped within an individual & across the species
  2. It is not learned, BUT some can improve with experience
  3. Must survive in an isolation experiment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does IRM stand for

A

Innate releasing mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what’s a IRM

A

Neural network/mechanism within an animal that
responds to environmental stimuli producing a preprogrammed
stereotyped species specific behavior
(FAP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stimulus adequate to activate/trigger a releasing

mechanism, setting in motion the FAP.

A

sign/releasing stimulus (releaser)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the 2 parts to the greylag goose FAP

A

1-motor component-roll egg b/t legs

2-steering component-roll toward nest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

causes a bigger/quicker reaction. big ass egg. many red dots on beak . increased ability to trigger the response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

talk about the herring gull FAP

A

the red beaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happened with the stickleback FAP

A

male fish tries to attack female fish that enters his territory, if she does not flee and instead displays her abdomen with eggs, he begins courtship with a zig zag dance. they go back and forth. instructs her to enter his nest. her presence there causes him to prod her snout and release eggs.she swims out, he fertilizes the eggs. he then chases her away. bus as usual. mates with 3-5 and guards the eggs. chain of reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does Lorenz Hydraulic model represent

A

the motivation level of the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

label the parts of the hydraulic model

A

tap.(pouring the water in)
reservoir (holding water)
valve (where water goes out) - irm
action specific energy (motivation) - the water.
spring they have to pull out.
FAP-the water coming out.
sign.stimulus releaser-the weight in the pan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are some results of FAPs going wrong

A

brood parasitism and code breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

brood parasitism

A

ex: cuckoo bird drops her egg into the nest of another species of bird who has recently laid eggs. the other bird raises the cuckoo and the baby cuckoo pushes other eggs out of the nest. the step mom is led to feed the bird by the annoying call. relying on others to raise your young.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

imprinting

A

learning that occurs at a critical period during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ability of an org to produce diff phenotypes in response to environmental cues (temp, nutrition, etc)

A

phenotype plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ex. of phenotype plasticity

A

Mexican spadefoot toad tadpoles have 2 morphs. 1-carnivorus 2-omnivourous. depends on the diet. are there shrimp present or nah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

talk about the bird song exp

A

here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is code breaking

A

method by which certain animals gain a leg up on their competition by adapting the behavior of another species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

process by which permanent or long lasting changes in behavior are acquired as a result of experience

A

learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

allows rate of learning to be quantified

A

learning curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the 2 different forms of learning

A

associative and non associative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the types of non associative learning (single stimulus response)

A

habituation and sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

classical condition and operant conditioning fall under what type of learninf

A

associative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

gradual decrease of a response resulting from repeated presentations of a stimulus

A

habituation

54
Q

sensitization

A

enhanced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus (horse and the hot clippers)

55
Q

what was pavlov originaly studying

A

digestion in dogs

56
Q

What is conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

57
Q

what happens after conditioning

A

the Neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus and we call the resins to this the conditioned response

58
Q

explain classical cond

A

1-UCS naturally elicits an UCR
2-UCS gets paired with NS
3-causes the animal to respond to the NS as if it were the UCS
4-therefore, the NS is now a CS which elicits a CR

59
Q

operant conditioning also called

A

instrumental

60
Q

occurrence of a stimulus causes animal to change the freq of its behavior in order to change the freq of the stimulus

A

operant conditioning

61
Q

what was thorndikes law of effect

A

the association b/t a stimulus & response will be strengehtned if the resins is followed by a satisfying event and vice versa

62
Q

what is the diff in classical conditioning and operant conditioning

A

classical form associations between stem (CS & US), while operant forms an association b/t behaviors and consequences

63
Q

who felt that behavior is followed by consequence and the consequence modifies the tendency to repeat the behavior in the future

A

BF Skinner

64
Q

what are the 2 consequences

A

reinforcement and punishment

65
Q

causes the prob of a behavior to increase

A

reinforcement

66
Q

punishment

A

causes the prob of a behavior to decrease

67
Q

the 2 kinds of stimuli are

A

appetitive and aversive

68
Q

things that are please and rewarding

A

appetitive stim

69
Q

aversive stim

A

things that are unpleasant painful or irritating

70
Q

when behavior is followed by the addition of an appetitive stimulus causing the behavior to increase

A

positive reinforcement (rat pressing lever for food)

71
Q

_____ is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding close and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

shaping

72
Q

what type of consequence does shaping use

A

positive reinforcement

73
Q

behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus causing the behavior to increase in freq

A

negative reinforcement (rat presses lever to stop getting shocked)

74
Q

positive punishment

A

behavior followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus causing the behavior to decrease (rat presses lever and gets shocked)

75
Q 
negative punishment (When a rat presses
a lever all food is taken away)
A

behavior is followed by the removal of
an appetitive stimulus causing the
behavior to decrease

76
Q

occurrence of the behavior chart

A

increase or decrease

77
Q

what is Taste aversion (Garcia effect):

A

associating the taste of
a certain food with symptoms caused by toxic, spoiled, or
poisonous substance

78
Q

3 rules of taste adversion

A
  1. Association occurs in a single trial
  2. Duration between the NS & the US can be long
  3. Adaptive value of the items being paired can
    influence conditioning.
79
Q

biological constraints

A

Built-in limits in the

ability to learn particular behaviors

80
Q

ex of biological constraints

A

raccoons trained with food to put money in bank but eventually stop and just rub money between paws to see if it is edible

81
Q

tendency for an org to revert to instinctive behavior

A

instinctive deft (raccoons and the coins)

82
Q

When an animal attempts a series of solutions to a
problem, eliminating possible solutions that do not
work.

A

trial and error learning

83
Q

what does trial and error learning help with/allow

A

Allows learning of optimal responses

– Animal learns behavior that is reinforced by the solution

84
Q

extinction

A

when the UCS or reinforcer (or punisher) is removed, there is a decrease in the response are

85
Q

responses acquired under ______ ______ reinforcement take longer to extinguish

A

intermittent reinforcment

86
Q

why do we see variation in the length of time that associations last?

A

Fail to consider ecology of the species & if natural

selection may have shaped an optimal memory span.

87
Q

sooo optimal memory? (forager bees example)

A

forager bees remember location and amount of food in a patch.

88
Q

exp about group living vs solitary doves> ex. of evolution of learning

A 
Had to learn how to open feeding
device in the lab
– Group living doves learned task
more quickly than territorial
– More difficult the task, greater
difference between populations
• More competition for food when
living in a group
– natural selection may favor
learning in these doves
89
Q

ex of evolution of learning_ stickleback fish. talk about it

A

predator rich vs predator free pops . trained to assoc side of tank with food and then with predator

90
Q

what are some things that animals can learn

A 
Learn where to live, what to eat
• Learn about predators
• Learn about Mate
– Associate cues (odor) with mating
opportunities
• Learn about familial relationships
(Who is kin?)
– Learn calls of kin
• Learn about aggression
– Winner/loser effects
91
Q

culture is the transfer of info from individual to individual via

A

social learning and teaching

92
Q

modified def of culture

A

A system of
information transfer that affects an
individual’s phenotype/behavior.

93
Q

social learning

A

One animal models the behavior that a

second animal picks up (potato washing in the Japanese macaques) also nut cracking in chimps

94
Q

what degrees of social learning do not equal cultural transmission

A

local enhancement and social facilitation

95
Q

local enhancement

A

attention is directed to a place where individuals are (Webster and hart exp?) this type of learning doesn’t lead to culture

96
Q

social facilitation

A

presence of another animal regardless of what its doing facilitates learning by increasing motivation or activity level (ex?) individuall learning that happens to take place in a group

97
Q

observational cond

A

response of a demonstrator (fear to sn..) acts as unconditioned stimulus (ups), eliciting a matching response ( fear to sn..) in observer

98
Q

observer attempts to reproduce end result of demonstrators behavior or goal rather than copying

A

goal emulation (monkey with the puzzle box that was see through )

99
Q

observer copes the exact behavior of a model resulting in the achievement of the same response/goal

A

imitation

100
Q

one rule of imitation

A

behavior must be novel-not already present in the observers behavioral bag

101
Q

copying

A

behavior that occurs when observer repeats the actions of a model .. copier is often related for whatever behavior it has copied (model mouse being bitten by stable fly and hiding in debris while observer mouse watches. 24 hours later-observer mouse does the same when he sees fly)

102
Q

what is the diff b/t copying and imitation and goal emulation

A

when animals copy each other, an observer repeats the behavior of a model

imitation requires that the behavior copied is novel

goal emulation does not req that the model behavior is copied, just that the end goal is the same

103
Q

imitation ex

A

bird observes bird pressing blue lever for food. money trying to get into puzzle box with taps and etc

104
Q

great tits opening milk containers to get milk is an example of

A

here

105
Q

teaching

A

The behavior of the model animal changes
in the presence of a ‘student’ to facilitate
the student learning the behavior.

106
Q

2 exs. of teaching

A

orcas showing young how to wave hunt, meerkats showing young how to eat scorpions

107
Q

what are three reqs for teaching

A 
1. Must provide an immediate benefit to
student and not the teacher
2. Must teach only na ve students
3. Must give new information to students
faster than they would have received it
on their own
108
Q

how do the meerkats meet the teaching req

A

1-spend significant time monitoring pups after presenting them with food
2-retrieve prey when pups lose their food
3-further modify scorpion
4-nudge pups reluctant to eat scorpions (increasing prob that pups will eat scorpion initially rejected)

109
Q

how is culture transmitted

3 ways

A

vertical trans (parent to offspring via teaching or social learning), horizontal trans (peer to peer), oblique trans (adult other than parent to younger individual)

110
Q

vertical trans ex

A

sponging behavior in bottlenose dolphin of Shark Bay Australia

111
Q

if a trait is ________ we would expect to see it in multiple pops of a species

A

genetic

112
Q

if a trait is from ______ it arises in one pop, initially by trial and error, then spreads. you may not see this behavior in other pops

A

culture

113
Q

do genes and culture often interact

A

yes

114
Q

nature school of thought

A

studies emphasized the roles of instinct, fixed patterns of behavior, and influence of evolution on behavior

115
Q

who led the sociobiology school of thought

A

eo wilson

116
Q

separating the effect of rearing environment from genetic/instinctive influences on behavior

A

cross fostering (transferring newly hatched to anther nest. switch a roo)

117
Q

genetic info is molded across generations by _______, learn info is molded during each ______ ________

A

evolution, animal’s lifetime l

118
Q

loss of response to a stimulus

A

habituation

119
Q

lack of response to strong odors is more an ex of

A

sensory adaptation

120
Q

increase in responsiveness to a stimuli due to experience with it

A

sensitization

121
Q

behavior that results in a consequence that can be learned

A

operant

122
Q

ease of conditioned learning is often dictated by

A

importance or relevance of the events to the animals ev history and ecological conditions

123
Q

____ always decreases behavior

A

punishment

124
Q

______ always increased behavior

A

reinforcement

125
Q

the most successful training includes

A

positive reinforcement

126
Q

the greylag goose is going to push that egg back to her nest, even if the egg is removed mid roll. she has to compete the FAP

A

FAP ex.

127
Q

baby gull pecking the red dot on the parent beak

A

triggers the parent to regurgitate their food to feed the baby

128
Q

Tinbergen did FAP experiment where herring gull chicks were presented with different stimuli to see if it would peck

A

hull exp

129
Q

IRM example

A

sticklebacks becoming territorial and aggressive at the sign of a red bottomed male.. or a red anything really

130
Q

aversion ex

A

wolf getting sick off the sheep

131
Q

think of the IRM like this..

A

release sign/stim> IRM (brain)> FAp (motor response)

Animal Cognition & Behavior (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions