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Brain & Behavior > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Environmental Stimuli

A
  • All available stimuli for an observer

- EX: walking through the woods

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2
Q

Attended Stimuli

A
  • Stimuli that are the point of focus for the observer.

- EX: moth on a tree

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3
Q

Stimulus on the Receptors

A
  • “image” of stimulus on the receptors cells.

- EX: image on person’s retina (image of moth)

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4
Q

Transduction

A
  • The transformation of an environmental stimulus.

- light in; electricity out

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5
Q

Early Neural Processing

A
  • Interconnected neurons that propagate the electrical signal from receptor cells throughout the brain.
  • EX: signals in neurons
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6
Q

Perception

A
  • conscious sensory experience

- EX: someone perceives something on the tree

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7
Q

Recognition

A
  • Ability to place objects in categories that provide meaning.
  • EX: person realizes it is a moth on the tree
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8
Q

Action

A
  • motor activities that occur in reference to the perceived and object
  • EX: person walks toward to the moth that they see
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9
Q

Sensation

A
  • Automatic but unaware collection of information through the sensory organs.
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10
Q

Perception

A
  • Conscious sensory experience, high-level processing, usually.
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11
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • specialized cells (receptors) that transduce (convert) sensory energy into neural activity.
  • Vision, Auditory, Somatosensory, Taste & Olfaction
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12
Q

Vision

A

Light energy ➡️ chemical energy ➡️ Neural Activity

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13
Q

Auditory

A

Air Pressure ➡️ Mechanical Energy ➡️ Normal Activity

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14
Q

Somatosensory

A

Mechanical energy ➡️ Neural Activity

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15
Q

Taste & Olfaction

A

Chemical Molecules ➡️ Neural Activity

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16
Q

Synesthesia

A

A perceptual phenomenon in which *stimulation of one sensory pathway triggers experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. *

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17
Q

Receptor Density

A
  • Important in determining the sensitivity of a sensory system.
    EX: more tactile receptors on the fingers as compared to the arm
  • Determine the special abilities of many animals
    EX: olfactory ability of dogs
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18
Q

Perception & sense of reality are products of evolution..

A
  • sensory systems provide a survival advantage
  • Type of energy in the environment determines which senses have developed
  • animal sense ls are specialized for certain kinds of energy in the environment
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19
Q

Functional Anatomy of the Visual System

A
  • optics, structure of the eye, and image information
  • Retina, photoreceptors (rods & cones)
  • Receptive fields
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20
Q

Refraction

A
  • necessary to focus light rays, accomplished by the cornea and lens.
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21
Q

Accommodation (refraction)

A
  • The process in which the lens changes its shape, thus altering its refractive power.
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22
Q

Problems with focusing / refraction

A
  • Myopia

- Hyperopia

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23
Q

Myopia

A
  • when the light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina and distant objects cannot be seen sharply
  • NEARsightedness
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24
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • when light entering the eye is focused behind the retina

- FARsightedness

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25
Q

Retina

A

contains 2 types of photoreceptors

  • Rods
  • Cones
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26
Q

Rods

A
  • Sensitive to low levels of light (dim light)
  • used mainly for night vision
  • one type of photopigment only
  • more numerous than cones
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27
Q

Cones

A
  • Highly responsive to bright light
  • Specialized for color and high visual acuity
  • located mostly in the fovea
  • three photopigments
28
Q

Types of neurons in the retina

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Bipolar cells
  • Retinal ganglion
  • Horizontal cells
  • Amacrine cells
29
Q

Bipolar cells

A
  • receives input from photoreceptors
30
Q

Retinal Ganglion cells

A
  • gives rise to the optic nerve
31
Q

Horizontal cells

A
  • Link photoreceptors and bipolar cells
32
Q

Amacrine cells

A
  • Link bipolar cells and ganglion cells
33
Q

Structure of the eye

A
  • Cornea
  • Iris
  • Lens
  • Retina
34
Q

cornea

A
  • clear outer covering
35
Q

Iris

A
  • Opens and closes to allow more or less light in

- the hole in the iris is called the PUPIL

36
Q

Lens

A
  • Focuses light

- Bends to accommodate near and far objects.

37
Q

Retina

A
  • Where light energy initiates neural activity.
38
Q

Receptive Fields

A
  • the sensory area that influences the electrical activity of sensory neurons (or follow up interneurons)
  • include inputs from multiple receptors
39
Q

Excitatory

A
  • ON
  • Center
  • Inhibitory Surround
40
Q

Inhibitory

A
  • OFF
  • center
  • excitatory surround
41
Q

ON-center ganglion cells

A
  • Excited by light on their center

- Inhibited by light in their surround

42
Q

OFF-center ganglion

A
  • Inhibited when light is in center

- Excited when light is in surround

43
Q

Topographical Mapping

A
  • close by areas in the visual field are “mapped” onto close by areas in cortex.
44
Q

Processing Shape in V1

A
  • each cell receives input from multiple RGC’s and have much larger receptive fields
  • cells behave like orientation detectors
    (excited by bards of light oriented in particular directions)
  • simple cells
    (receptive field with a rectangular on-off arrangement)
45
Q

Dorsal Visual Stream

A
  • pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the PARIETAL cortex
  • the “how” or “where” pathway.
  • How action is to be guided toward objects
46
Q

Ventral Visual Stream

A
  • Pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the TEMPORAL cortex
  • the “what” pathway
  • identifies what an object is
47
Q

Processing shape in the Temporal Cortex

A
  • cells are maximally excited by complex visual stimuli (faces or hands)
48
Q

Three types of Cone Pigments Absorptions

A
  • BLUE (short wavelength)
  • GREEN (middle wavelength)
  • RED (long wavelength)
49
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A
  • explanation of color vision based on the coding of 3 primary colors (Red, Green, & Blue)
  • the color we see is determined by the relative responses of the different cone types.
  • can explain different types of color blindness
50
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A
  • explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of the opposition colors (Red vs. Green / Blue vs. Yellow)
  • occurs in retinal ganglion cells
51
Q

Function of Hearing

A
  • identification of sounds
  • localization of sounds
  • communication
52
Q

loudspeakers produce sound by….

A
  • The diaphragm of the speaker MOVES OUT, pushing air molecules TOGETHER
  • The diaphragm also MOVES IN, pulling air molecules APART.
  • the cycle of this process creates ALTERNATING high & low pressure regions that TRAVEL through air.
53
Q

Frequency

A
  • number of cycles within a given time period
  • measured in Hertz (Hz)
  • perception of pitch is related to frequency
54
Q

what range is human hearing

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

55
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A
  • the rate at which the complex waveform pattern repeats

- the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound

56
Q

Overtones (Harmonics)

A
  • set of higher frequency sound waves that vibrate at whole-number (integer) multiples of the fundamental frequency.
  • multiples of the fundamental frequency
57
Q

Timbre

A

The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that 2 sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar

58
Q

Three parts of Ear

A
  • Outer ear (captures sound)
  • Middle ear (transformer)
  • Inner ear (biological amplifier & analyzer)
59
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
  • ossicles of the middle ear transmits vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
  • important for well-being in regard to air pressure.
  • transforms air pressure fluctuations into basilar membrane movements.
60
Q

Ossicles

A

The three bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

61
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A
  • The eardrum

- a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal. Vibrates in response to sound.

62
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Cochlear canals & membranes
  • cochlea
  • middle canal
63
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Spiral structure of the inner ear filled with watery fluids in three parallel canals
64
Q

Middle Canal

A
  • sandwiched between the tympanic and vestibular canals. contains the basilar membrane with the organ of Corti
65
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • A structure on the basilar membrane that features receptor cells (hair cells) arranged along one inner row and three outer rows.
  • inner ear
66
Q

Stereocilla

A
  • Hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that initiate the release of neurotransmitters when they are flexed.
  • inner hair cells transform vibrations into action potentials
67
Q

Bèkèsys’ Place Theory of Hearing

A
  • Frequency of sound is coded by the place along the cochlear partition where the traveling wave has its greatest displacement

Brain & Behavior (3 decks)

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