exam 2 Flashcards
SSRI’s treat depression by:
blocking the reuptake of serotnon
The ___ produces neurohormones, whereas the ____ secretes releasing hormones
hypothalamus;
pituitary gland
____ is the substance that enhances neurotransmitter function, whereas ___ is the substance that blocks neurotransmitter function
agonist;
antagonist
A variety of drugs that are used to treat epilepsy are also effective in treating:
The manic phase of bipolar disorder
Epinephrine…
activates the endocrine glands and the brain in response to stress
Which of the following drugs has a higher concordance rate for addiction in identical twins?
alcohol
____ results when brain cell activities adjust to minimize the effects of the drug in the blood.
Cellular tolerance
___ is linked with shaking in the limbs, loss of balance, and general loss of muscular control.
Parkinson’s disease
all neurons leaving the spinal cord have:
acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
type 1 synapses are found on the ____. while type 2 synapses are found on the ____.
Spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron;
neuron cell body
____ contain the neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
serotonin has been related to:
depression
another term for volts is:
electrical potential between two poles
The neurotransmitter-sensitive ion channels on muscle end plates differ from other ion channels in that:
K+ and Na+ enter and leave through the same channels
A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -65 mV is called:
depolarization
Because of refractory periods, the maximum firing rate of a neuron is approximately:
200 impulses per second
The negative charge inside of the cell membrane is largely a product of the presence of:
negatively charged protein anions
Galvani discovered…
that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by electricity
conclusion of early electrical recording studies
flow of information in the nervous system is too slow to be a flow of electricity.
nerve conduction: 30-40 meters/sec
electricity in wire: ≈ 300 million meters/sec
electrographic seizures:
abnormal rhythmic neuronal discharges; may be recorded by an electroencephalogram
electrical stimulation
passage of an electrical current from the uninsulated tip of an electrode through tissue
synthesis of a neurotransmitter can take place in..
the cell body, the axon, or the terminal
storage of the neurotransmitter is in…
granules or vesicles or both
release of a transmitter is from the..
terminal’s presynaptic membrane into the synapse
receptor interaction takes place in…
the postsynaptic membrane, as the transmitter acts on an embedded receptor
inactivation of excess neurotransmitter occurs at…
the synapse
two outcomes of drug action
1) reuptake into the presynaptic terminal for reuse
2) degradation of excess neurotransmitter by synaptic mechanisms & removal of unneeded by-products from the synapse.
agonists
drugs that increase neurotransmission
antagonists
drugs that decrease neurotransmission
metabolic tolerance
the number of enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain increases
cellular tolerance
brain cell activities adjust to minimize the effects of alcohol in the blood. (behavioral signs are low with high alcohol level)
learned tolerance
drop in outward signs of intoxication. people learn to not look drunk
antianxiety agent
drug that reduces anxiety.
ex: benzos, sedative-hypnotic agents
barbiturate
drug that produces sedation and sleep
cross-tolerance
reduction of response to a novel drug because of tolerance to a chemically related drug
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
idea that excess dopamine activity causes symptoms of schizophrenia
tricyclic antidepressant
first-gen antidepressant; its chemical structure characterized by 3 rings, blocks 5-HT reuptake
second-gen anti depressants
also called atypical antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
drug that blocks 5-HT reuptake into presynaptic terminal
