exam 2

Question 1

SSRI’s treat depression by:

Answer 1

blocking the reuptake of serotnon

Question 2

The ___ produces neurohormones, whereas the ____ secretes releasing hormones

Answer 2

hypothalamus;

pituitary gland

Question 3

____ is the substance that enhances neurotransmitter function, whereas ___ is the substance that blocks neurotransmitter function

Answer 3

agonist;

antagonist

Question 4

A variety of drugs that are used to treat epilepsy are also effective in treating:

Answer 4

The manic phase of bipolar disorder

Question 5

Epinephrine…

Answer 5

activates the endocrine glands and the brain in response to stress

Question 6

Which of the following drugs has a higher concordance rate for addiction in identical twins?

Answer 6

alcohol

Question 7

____ results when brain cell activities adjust to minimize the effects of the drug in the blood.

Answer 7

Cellular tolerance

Question 8

___ is linked with shaking in the limbs, loss of balance, and general loss of muscular control.

Answer 8

Parkinson’s disease

Question 9

all neurons leaving the spinal cord have:

Answer 9

acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

Question 10

type 1 synapses are found on the ____. while type 2 synapses are found on the ____.

Answer 10

Spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron;

neuron cell body

Question 11

____ contain the neurotransmitters

Answer 11

synaptic vesicles

Question 12

serotonin has been related to:

Answer 12

depression

Question 13

another term for volts is:

Answer 13

electrical potential between two poles

Question 14

The neurotransmitter-sensitive ion channels on muscle end plates differ from other ion channels in that:

Answer 14

K+ and Na+ enter and leave through the same channels

Question 15

A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -65 mV is called:

Answer 15

depolarization

Question 16

Because of refractory periods, the maximum firing rate of a neuron is approximately:

Answer 16

200 impulses per second

Question 17

The negative charge inside of the cell membrane is largely a product of the presence of:

Answer 17

negatively charged protein anions

Question 18

Galvani discovered…

Answer 18

that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by electricity

Question 19

conclusion of early electrical recording studies

Answer 19

flow of information in the nervous system is too slow to be a flow of electricity.

nerve conduction: 30-40 meters/sec
electricity in wire: ≈ 300 million meters/sec

Question 20

electrographic seizures:

Answer 20

abnormal rhythmic neuronal discharges; may be recorded by an electroencephalogram

Question 21

electrical stimulation

Answer 21

passage of an electrical current from the uninsulated tip of an electrode through tissue

Question 22

synthesis of a neurotransmitter can take place in..

Answer 22

the cell body, the axon, or the terminal

Question 23

storage of the neurotransmitter is in…

Answer 23

granules or vesicles or both

Question 24

release of a transmitter is from the..

Answer 24

terminal’s presynaptic membrane into the synapse

Question 25

receptor interaction takes place in…

Answer 25

the postsynaptic membrane, as the transmitter acts on an embedded receptor

Question 26

inactivation of excess neurotransmitter occurs at…

Answer 26

the synapse

Question 27

two outcomes of drug action

Answer 27

1) reuptake into the presynaptic terminal for reuse

2) degradation of excess neurotransmitter by synaptic mechanisms & removal of unneeded by-products from the synapse.

Question 28

agonists

Answer 28

drugs that increase neurotransmission

Question 29

antagonists

Answer 29

drugs that decrease neurotransmission

Question 30

metabolic tolerance

Answer 30

the number of enzymes needed to break down alcohol in the liver, blood, and brain increases

Question 31

cellular tolerance

Answer 31

brain cell activities adjust to minimize the effects of alcohol in the blood. (behavioral signs are low with high alcohol level)

Question 32

learned tolerance

Answer 32

drop in outward signs of intoxication. people learn to not look drunk

Question 33

antianxiety agent

Answer 33

drug that reduces anxiety.

ex: benzos, sedative-hypnotic agents

Question 34

barbiturate

Answer 34

drug that produces sedation and sleep

Question 35

cross-tolerance

Answer 35

reduction of response to a novel drug because of tolerance to a chemically related drug

Question 36

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 36

idea that excess dopamine activity causes symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 37

tricyclic antidepressant

Answer 37

first-gen antidepressant; its chemical structure characterized by 3 rings, blocks 5-HT reuptake

Question 38

second-gen anti depressants

Answer 38

also called atypical antidepressants

Question 39

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 39

drug that blocks 5-HT reuptake into presynaptic terminal