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exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the best habitats for arthropods?

A

wet habitats.

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2
Q

what is released from arthropods?

A

ammonia

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3
Q

what do arthropods use gills for?

A

respiration and excretion

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4
Q

what excretory system did terrestrial arthropods evolve? and what does it do?

A

Malpighian tubes; concentrates nitrogenous waste as uric acid or guanine to be excreted.

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5
Q

what do the Malpighian tubes help with?

A

conserves water

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6
Q

arthropods have a _____ digestive tract

A

complete

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7
Q

where are the Malpighian tubes located

A

between the stomach and the intestines

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8
Q

how do arthropods mate?

A

internally

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9
Q

how do arthropod offspring develop?

A

usually on their own

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10
Q

what animals are in the subphylum Chelicerata?

A

spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs

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11
Q

where do chelicerata (arachnids) live?

A

mostly in terrestrial environments

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12
Q

what do chelicerata (arachnid) mouthes contain?

A

fangs or pinchers

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13
Q

how many tagmata (working segments) do chelicerata have? what are they called?

A

two; prosoma and opisthosoma

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14
Q

what does prosoma bear? opisthosoma?

A

prosoma- bear all the appendages (anterior)

opisthosoma- bear the repro organs (posterior)

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15
Q

how many species of spiders are there?

A

about 35k

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16
Q

what type of web do spiders create? what is it made of ?

A

silk; protein

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17
Q

where is the sipder’s web forced from?

A

the spinneret on the posterior end

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18
Q

what gland do all spiders have leading through the chelicerae (fangs/pinchers)?

A

posion glands

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19
Q

what are spiders needed for?

A

the ecosystem

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20
Q

what is the most diverse order in arthopods?

A

ticks and mites

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21
Q

what does it mean to be unsegmented?

A

the thorax and abdomen are fused together

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22
Q

what type of diseases do ticks carry?

A

Lyme and spotted fever

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23
Q

how many legs do chelicerata have

A

8

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24
Q

what does the phylum myripoda consist of?

A

centipedes and milipedes

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25
Q

diet: centipedes are _______ while milipedes are mostly ______

A

carnivorous; herbivores

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26
Q

describe the differences between centipedes and millipedes.

A

centipedes have pinchers, milis don’t. centis have antennas, milis don’t. milis have more legs than centis. centis are flattened, milis are rounded.

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27
Q

what does the subphylum crustacea consitst of?

A

crabs, shrimp, lobster, and barnacles

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28
Q

what habitat do crustacea usually live in?

A

aquatic

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29
Q

how many tagmata do crustacea have?

A

3

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30
Q

what do crustacean mouthes contain

A

a mandible

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31
Q

true or false: most crustacean have separate sexes

A

true

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32
Q

males usually have a ______ ____ to attract a mate

A

larger claw

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33
Q

true or false: barnacles are the only hermaphroditic crustacean in arthropods.

A

true

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34
Q

subphylum insecta/hexapoda is the ________ group of animals

A

largest

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35
Q

what habitat do insects live in?

A

primarily terrestrial

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36
Q

what are the three body regions of insects? describe them.

A
  1. head- has antennae and modified mouthparts
  2. thorax- contains three pairs of legs, and 2-3 pairs of wings
  3. abdomen- contains the repro, digestive, and respiration system
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37
Q

what do many insects go through?

A

metamorphosis

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38
Q

describe simple metamorphosis. what type of insect goes through it?

A

immature stages are similar to that of adults. grasshopper

39
Q

describe complete metamorphosis. what type of insect goes trough it?

A

immature larvae are wormlike, a resting stage occurs in a pupa form, and then goes to adult form. butterflies.

40
Q

What are found in the phylum echinodermata?

A

starfish, sea lilies, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.

41
Q

how do echinoderms develop?

A

they are deuterostomes, so anus first.

42
Q

what is the lateral difference in echinoderms in form between larvae stage and adult stage?

A

larvae have bilateral symmetry, adults have pentraradial symmetry (5 rays)

43
Q

what do echinoderm’s neurosensory cells consist of?

A

ossicles, which are calcium-rich plates

44
Q

what is the madreporite? the ampulla?

A

the madreporite is the opening for water entry. the ampulla is the muscular sac for tube feet control.

45
Q

what type of reproduction can echinoderms do? how?

A

asexual, by splitting, and sexually externally.

46
Q

describe incomplete metamorphosis. what is an insect that does this?

A

eggs are laid in the water, and larvae molt until it is large enough to have wings. dragonfly

47
Q

what do echinoderms consist of?

A

they have ossicles, neurosensory cells, a nerve net, eyespots, and no brain.

48
Q

what does the stone canal do?

A

it connects the madreporite to the ring canal.

49
Q

what does the flow chart for deuterostomes look like?

A

Bilateral->deuterostomes-> echinodermata
\Subphylum vertebrata
|chordata- sp urochordata and cephalocordadta

50
Q

what four things do all chordates have at some point?

A

nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a postanal tail.

51
Q

what are the 3 subphyla for chordates?

A

urochordata, cephalochordata, and vertebrata

52
Q

what are found in the subphylum chordata

A

sea squirts (tunicates)

53
Q

describe tunicates:

A

they swim around as larvae, but become immobile filter feeders in adulthood. they have a true coelomic cavity and a closed circulatory system.

54
Q

what are found in the subphylum ceptialochordata

A

lancelets

55
Q

describe lancelets

A

filter feeders with no distinguishable head, and the closest living relative to vertabrates

56
Q

what is found in the subphylum vertebrate

A

any chordate with a spinal column

57
Q

describe vertebrates

A

they contain a vertebral column to protect the nerve cord and the cranium

58
Q

what are the largest group of chordates

A

the clade craniata

59
Q

what ae the classes in the clade craniata (7)

A

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, amphibia, reptile, aves, and mammalia.

60
Q

what do fish contain? (4)

A

vertebral column, jaws and paired appendages, internal gills, and a single looped blood circulatory system

61
Q

describe agnathans

A

they are jawless, primitive, eel-like scavengers with a cartilaginous skeleton (no vertebral skeleton)

62
Q

describe chondrichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) with an endoskeleton of cartilage

63
Q

describe Osteichthyes (bony fish)

A

they evolved after Chondrichthyes, and have a bone-made skeleton. there are two clades, the ray-finned fish and the lobed-fin fish. possibly ancestors of vertebrates.

64
Q

what are tetrapods?

A

four-limbed vertebrates.

65
Q

describe the class amphibia

A

damp-skinned vertebrates that were the first to walk on land. reproduce in water. they lack amnion, a specialized embryonic membrane.

66
Q

what are the three orders of amphibia

A

Frogs and toads
salamanders and newts
caecilians

67
Q

describe the order anura (frogs and toads)

A

frogs have smooth skin and long legs, and live in or near the water. toads have dry skin and short legs, and live in dryer areas. both lay eggs and have tadpoles.

68
Q

describe the order Caudata (salamanders)

A

they have long tails and bodies, with smooth skin. they live in moist places. eggs are fertilized internally and larvae are similar to adults.

69
Q

describe the order Apoda (caecilians)

A

a burrowing amphibian with no legs, small eyes, and contains jaws and teeth. tropical environment. fertilization is internal.

70
Q

what are the three key features of the class reptilia

A

amniotic eggs (watertight) dry skin, and thoracic breathing.

71
Q

what are the four membranes of an amniotic egg?

A

the chorion to allow O2 entry
amnion are fluid-filled cavities to help with hydration
yolk sacs provide food
allantois excretes the waste

72
Q

what are the two most important characteristics of reptiles?

A

internal fertilization and improved circulation

73
Q

what are the four surviving clades of reptiles

A

Testudines (turtles and tortises)
splenodontia (tuataras)
squamata (lizards and snakes)
crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles)

74
Q

birds are the ____ ______ of all the terrestrial vertebrates

A

most diverse

75
Q

who do birds share many traits with

A

reptiles

76
Q

what are two major traits of birds

A

feathers and hollow, fused bones

77
Q

what are characteristics of avians

A

efficient respiration and circulation, and endothermy

78
Q

what are the main traits of the class mammilia

A

hair, mammary glands, endothermy and a placenta

79
Q

what are the two subclasses of mammalia?

A

Prototheria (lay eggs) and theria (live birth)

80
Q

what are the two main factors of primate evolution?

A

grasping fingers and toes and stereoscopic vision

81
Q

why do body shapes evolve

A

the habitat

82
Q

what does a fusiform shape of a fish mean?

A

fish is streamline shaped for active swimmers

83
Q

what does laterally compressed look like for a fish?

A

they are flattened to move through coral

84
Q

what does a flattened fish look like?

A

bottom dweller

85
Q

what does a snakelike fish look like?

A

a burrowing fish

86
Q

who has a higher metabolic rate? endotherms or ectotherms

A

endotherms

87
Q

what is torpor and what animal goes through it?

A

torpor is a temporary hibernation, with a decrease in hibernation. bears.

88
Q

what is hibernation and what animal goes through it?

A

extended state of greatly reduced metabolism; bats.

89
Q

what is estivation

A

form of torpor occurring when temperatures are high and water is scarce.

90
Q

what are the two major body cavities of vertebrates?

A

the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity

91
Q

what are the five key components of homeostasis

A

water balance, temperature, nutrient levels, mineral levels, and pH levels

92
Q

what is an example of negative feedback?

A

sweat stopping once body cools

93
Q

what is an example of positive feedback

A

blood clotting/giving birth

94
Q

what are the four ways heat is exchanged? give definitions and examples for all

A

radiation- heat comes from an object; the sun
evaporation- heat is carried away by water; sweating
convection- some medium moving across the body and picking up heat; the wind
conduction- two surfaces are in direct contact with each other; lizard on a rock

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