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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are statistics used for? (3)

A

evaluating numbers
describing the population
estimating unknown value

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2
Q

what are traits measured for? (2)

A

continuous variation or didcontinuous variation

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3
Q

what are some characteristics of continuous variation?

A

quantitative traits, many genes, small gradations, economically important, and tightly complex.

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4
Q

what are some examples of continuous variation.

A

weight gain and fertility

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5
Q

what is a sample used for?

A

it analyzes data from a population

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6
Q

what is the population perameter?

A

it describes the populatiom

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7
Q

what is a sample statistic?

A

a numerical descriptive measure of a sample

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8
Q

what does the central tendancy mean?

A

when values cluster at a midpoint and thins out at both extremes evenly.

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9
Q

define median, mean, and mode

A

median- halfway value between two extremes
mean- average
mode- class with the highest frequency

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10
Q

what is variance?

A

a measure of distribution

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11
Q

what is the equation for variance?

A

s^2=(Σ(x-x̄)^2)/(n-1)

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12
Q

what is the most useful statistic?

A

the mean

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13
Q

what are the three measurements of dispersion?

A

variance, standard deviation, and standard error

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14
Q

what is the equation for standard deviation?

A

squared root of s^2

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15
Q

what is the equation for standard error?

A

se= standard deviation/the square root of n

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16
Q

what is correlation?

A

a measure of relationship between two variables

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17
Q

what is the correlation equation?

A

r=(Σxy-(Σx Σy)/n)/the square root of (Σx^2-(Σx)^2/n)(Σy^2-(Σy)^2/n)

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18
Q

what are the ranges for correlation and what does it mean?

A

low- .01-.2
medium- .21-.4
high- >.41

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19
Q

what is the phenotypic correlation?

A

strength of relationship between the performance in one trait and the performance in another.

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20
Q

what is performance?

A

phenotypic value

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21
Q

what is genetic correlation?

A

strength of relationship between breeding value for one trait and breeding value in another

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22
Q

what are two reasons correlated response exists

A

gene linkage and pleotrophy

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23
Q

what is environmental correlation?

A

a measurement of strength of relationships between environmental effects

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24
Q

what is the regression coefficent?

A

b=((ΣXY)-(ΣX)(ΣY))/n/((Σx^2)-(Σx)^2)/n

25
Q

what is regression?

A

expected change in y to x

26
Q

what are simply inherited traits?

A

traits that are affected by few genes, such as coat color

27
Q

environmental factors have ______ effect on traits

A

little

28
Q

what are polygenic traits?

A

traits affected by many genes, such as milk productions.

29
Q

what do the letters in this equation mean? P= μ+G+E

A

P- phenotypic value

μ- population mean
G- genotypic value
E- environmental factors

30
Q

what is genotypic value and how do you find it?

A

the overall effect of all genes carried in an animal; G=breeding value (BV)+ gene combination value (GCV)

31
Q

what is breeding value?

A

genotypic value that can be transmitted from parent to offspring

32
Q

what is the breeding value equation

A

the mean of the breeding value of the offspring= the breeding value of the sire+BV of the dom/2

33
Q

y can not equal _, and cant fall outside the ______ of values.

A

a; range

34
Q

what does EPD mean? which animals is it used for?

A

expected progeny difference. beef, swine, sheep

35
Q

what does PTA mean? what animals is it used for?

A

predicted transmission ability. dairy cattle

36
Q

what are mating systems used for?

A

it chooses which males are to be bred with which female

37
Q

what is the goal of selection?

A

to increase desired alleles

38
Q

what is inbreeding good for?

A

making animals more homozygous for superior genes from an ancestor

39
Q

what is outbreeding good for?

A

increasing heterozygosity and hybrid vigor

40
Q

what are the effects of inbreeding?

A 
prepotency
expression of deleterious recessive alleles
inbreeding depression
fixed characteristics
concentrates genes 
increases similar genes
41
Q

what is the equation of measuring inbreeding?

A

Fx= Σ1/2^(n1+n2+1)(1+Fca)

42
Q

what is the equation for genetic relationships?

A

Rxy= Σ1/2n(1+Fca)/the square root of (1+Fx)(1+Fy)

43
Q

what is outbreeding

A

the mating between individuals not closely related genetically, but within the same breed

44
Q

where is outbreeding used alot?

A

the poultry industry

45
Q

what is grading up?

A

the mating of PUREBLOOD MALES to NONPUREBLOOD females

46
Q

what is cross breeding?

A

the crossing of different breeds such as a horse and a donkey

47
Q

what does synthetic mean?

A

combination of different lines of ancestry

48
Q

what is heterosis?

A

increased heterozygosity

49
Q

what is the net effect?

A

influences affecting the trait

50
Q

what is the equation for % heterosis?

A

the mean of the offspring + the mean of the parents divided by the mean of the parents all multiplied by 100

51
Q

what is breed compelation?

A

combining desired traits in two or more breeds

52
Q

what are the major uses of outbreeding?

A

commercial cow/calf, swine, poultry, and sheep

53
Q

what is limited crossbreeding used for?

A

dairy, poultry, and wool sheep

54
Q

what does hybrid vigor increase in dairy cattle

A

feetility, health, and survivability

55
Q

what is GCA and what is it used for?

A

general combination ability; they are used for multiple breeds

56
Q

what is SCA and what is it used for?

A

specific combining ability; used for only 2 breeds

57
Q

what does days open mean?

A

the window of fertility

58
Q

what are the systems for cross breeding?

A 
define objectives
breeds
herd size
implementation cost vs. expexted return
nothing is free
59
Q

what are the three major cross breeding systems

A

terminal, rotational, and rotaterminal

ans exam (3 decks)

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