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Bio111 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The combination of gastrulation and organogenesis that results in an organism’s shape and body orientation.

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2
Q

What is the cortical granule

A

Structure in the egg that releases enzymes during fertilization that harden the zona pellucida and digest binding proteins on sperm to prevent polyspermy.

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3
Q

What is the zona pellucida/jelly coat?

A

structure in the egg that contains glycoproteins that protect the inner contents of the ovum until the acrosome reaction of fertilization and helps prevent polyspermy.

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4
Q

What is the vitelline layer?

A

Protects and gives shape to the egg yolk, protecting it from the egg white.

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5
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

Organelle in the sperm head that contains enzymes that will degrade the zona pellucida, allowing the sperm to reach the egg plasma membrane.

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6
Q

What is the fertilization envelope?

A

A layer that prevents additional sperm from reaching the egg; the egg’s “slow block”

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7
Q

What is special about the cleavage stage?

A

Cell division in the zygote does not equal an increase in size.

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8
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

Smaller cells within the zygote

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9
Q

When does a zygote become a blastula?

A

After over 100 blastomeres have been produced.

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10
Q

What is considered to be the first embryonic tissue?

A

the blastoderm

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11
Q

What is the fluid or yolk filled cavity that the blastoderm surrounds?

A

the blastocoel

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12
Q

What is the mammalian blastula called?

A

The blastocysts

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13
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The outer cell mass of a blastocyst

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14
Q

What will the inner cell mass become?

A

the embryo

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15
Q

What will the trophoblast become?

A

the embryonic placenta

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16
Q

Where do the morula and blastocyst stages take place?

A

The uterus. After that, all other processes happen in the uterine tube.

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17
Q

What are intrinsic factors?

A

Information inherited from the mother cells free-floating cytoplasmic molecules

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18
Q

What are extrinsic factors?

A

Information received from the cells surrounding environment

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19
Q

Define lateral, medial, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior

A

left-right-back-front-head-feet

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20
Q

What are cytoplasmic determinants?

A

mRNA proteins found in the egg prior to fertilization

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21
Q

What is yolk polarity?

A

The area with the least amount of yolk will become the anterior of the embryo

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22
Q

What is induction in mammal embryo development?

A

cell-cell communication

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23
Q

What is the process of cleavage?

A

Rapid, multiple rounds of mitotic cell division where the overall size of the embryo does not increase.

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24
Q

What is the blastula?

A

The developing embryo following cleavage

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25
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The dramatic rearrangement of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers.

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26
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

the process of organ and tissue formation via cell division and differentiation.

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27
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

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28
Q

Describe the endoderm

A

Form the guts of the embryo

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29
Q

What is the opening that forms the endoderm? What does it become in protostomes? what does it become in deuterostomes?

A

The blastopore….mouth…anus.

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30
Q

Describe the ectoderm

A

Completely surrounds the embryo and gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis.

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31
Q

Describe the mesoderm

A

In between endo- and ecto-derm, gives rise to muscle cells and connective tissues

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32
Q

Which amniotes lay eggs?

A

Birds and reptiles

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33
Q

What are extra-embryonic tissues? What are the 4 extra-embryonic tissues?

A

tissues derived from the embryo that are not part of the body of the developing embryo.
Chorion, amnion, allantois, yolk sac

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34
Q

describe the chorion

A

surrounds the embryo and yolk sac, facilitating the exchange of 02 and co2 between the embryo and the external environment.

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35
Q

Describe the amnion

A

Inner amniotic membrane that surrounds the embryo and encloses the aqueous environment the embryo develops in

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36
Q

Describe the allantois

A

Stores nitrogenous waste produced by the embryo and facilitates respiration with the chlorion

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37
Q

Describe the yolk sac

A

Encloses the yolk and transports nutrients from the yolk to the embryo.

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38
Q

Does the nervous system originate from endo-, meso-, or ectodermal tissue?

A

Ectodermal

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39
Q

What will go on to become the nervous system?

A

the Neural plate

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40
Q

What is the notocord?

A

a rod-shaped mesodermal structure that signals the neural plate cells to form the neural tube and later forms part of the discs between vertebrae.

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41
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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42
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized cells that can send and receive chemical or electrical signals

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43
Q

What two structure form the myelin sheaths?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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44
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that communicate between adjacent neurons

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45
Q

what are the 3 different classes of neurons in the CNS?

A

sensory, motor and interneuron

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46
Q

Describe sensory neurons

A

AKA affarent, get info about whats going on outside the body and bring that info to the CNS so it cna be processed

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47
Q

Describe motor neurons

A

AKA efferent, get info from other neurons and convey commands to muscles, organs and glands.

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48
Q

Describe interneurons

A

Only found in the CNS, they connect one neuron to the next, sending and receiving info between neurons.

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49
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons positioned inward on the brain

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50
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Unmyelinated axons and cell bodies usually facing outward.

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51
Q

What composes the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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52
Q

What composes the PNS?

A

Peripheral sensory and motor nerves

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53
Q

Describe mechanoreceptors

A

sensory cell that responds to physical deformation of the cell membrane from mechanical energy or pressure

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54
Q

Describe chemoreceptors

A

sensory cell that responds to specific molecules

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55
Q

describe photoreceptors

A

sensory cells that respond to radiant energy (visible or UV light)

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56
Q

describe thermoreceptors

A

sensory cells that respond to heat or cold

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57
Q

describe nociceptors

A

respond to noxious stimuli, anything that can cause tissue damage.

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58
Q

Describe a hydrostatic skeleton

A

type of skeleton that has a closed, fluid filled compartment called the coelom and where movement is provided by muscle that surround the coelom

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59
Q

Describe exoskeletons

A

an external encasement of hard material made up of chitin and sometimes calcium carbonate.

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60
Q

Describe endoskeletons

A

skeletons consisting of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of an organism

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61
Q

Dsecribe ingestion

A

taking in of food through the mouth

62
Q

Describe ingestion

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller organic fragments

63
Q

describe absorption

A

the diffusion and intake of nutrients from food into the metabolic systems of the body.

64
Q

describe elimination

A

expulsion of undigested food

65
Q

Describe gastrovascular cavities, or incomplete digestive tracts

A

One opening, passive digestion and absorption

66
Q

Describe alimentary canals, or complete digestive tracts

A

a tube with a mouth and an anus

67
Q

What does monogastric mean?

A

Single stomach

68
Q

How are avian digestive tracts unique?

A

No mastication, gizzards, crops and cloacas

69
Q

How are ruminants different and why?

A

They have multichambered stomachs to deal with the high amount of cellulose in their diet.

70
Q

What is a hermaphroditic organism?

A

Has both male and female reproductive organs

71
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The fusing of the neural plate into the neural tube

72
Q

What is parthenogenesis

A

Reproduction from an unfertilized egg cell.

73
Q

All cells of an organism find their lineage from the same cell called a…

A

zygote

74
Q

What is the general life cycle of animals?

A

zygote->diploid individual->meiosis->gametes->fertilization

75
Q

Sequence of embryonic development

A

fertilization->cleavage->neurulation->-gastrulation->organogenesis

76
Q

The 3 germ layers of tribloblasts are established during…?

A

gastrulation

77
Q

What is the correct sequence of events in embryonic development?

A

Fertilization->cleavage->gastrulation->organogenesis

78
Q

Compared to external fertilization, in internal fertilization…?

A

male gametes have a higher chance to come into close proximity to female gametes

79
Q

Germ layers are…?

A

embryonic layers with different developmental potentials.

80
Q

All cells of an organism find their lineage from a single, fertilized cell. This single fertilized cell is called a…?

A

Zygote

81
Q

Does the blastopore occur in just protostomes, just deuterostomes or both?

A

Both

82
Q

The type of skeletal system that involves fluid-filled body compartments and does not have any hard structures is called a(n)…

A

hydrostatic skeleton

83
Q

The central nervous system of vertebrates consists of…?

A

the brain and the spinal cord.

84
Q

How do sensory cells communicate different types of information to the brain?

A

By using different neurons for different stimuli (i.e. light vs tough)

85
Q

What class of nervous system cells carry nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

86
Q

What class of nervous system cells provide support and protection?

A

Glial cells

87
Q

The simplest nervous system found in nature is the nerve net. An example of an organism that senses and responds to its environment with this ancient system would be a…?

A

jellyfish.

88
Q

Birds store food in a modified portion of the lower esophagus called the…?

A

crop.

89
Q

Cows are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of cellulose because…?

A

Cows have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganism in their ruemen.

90
Q

What is the gizzard in birds?

A

the “stomach”

91
Q

True or false: smaller mammals typically have a higher ventilation rate than larger mammals?

A

True

92
Q

If the efficiency of the alveoli in a human was reduced by 50?

A

The rate of gas exchange would decrease by 50%

93
Q

How does oxygen transport to cells in open circulatory systems?

A

The oxygen diffuses directly across the respiratory surface.

94
Q

What is the main difference between an open and closed circulatory system?

A

The structure and design of the vessels

95
Q

Do grasshoppers have an open circulatory system?

A

Yes

96
Q

What are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from the respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?

A

Fishes

97
Q

Animals in which the circulating fluid is physically separated and chemically distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the bodies cells have a(n)…?

A

closed circulatory system.

98
Q

How do birds get rid of toxic ammonia?

A

Uric acid

99
Q

What are the excretory organs found in insects?

A

Malphighian tubes

100
Q

The three major forms of nitrogenous waste are…?

A

Ammonia, urea and uric acid

101
Q

Ecdysis is…?

A

Molting of the exoskeleton

102
Q

Organisms found in the group ecdysozoans have at least one thing in common. What is it?

A

Molting

103
Q

Which phylum includes organisms with a muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle?

A

Mollusca

104
Q

This is the motile stage of cnidarians during which only sexual reproduction occurs.

A

Medusa

105
Q

All animals are…?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, and diploid

106
Q

Which of the following organisms (sea sponges, nematode, planaria, or jellyfish) have specialized cells but no tissue?

A

Sea sponge

107
Q

Are earthworms bilaterally or radially symmetrical?

A

Bilaterally

108
Q

Are jellyfish bilaterally or radially symmetrical?

A

Radially

109
Q

What are the key characteristics of phylum Chordata?

A

Pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post anal tail

110
Q

Planaria are what phylum?

A

Platyhelminthes

111
Q

What phyla do humans belong to?

A

Chordata

112
Q 
Which of the following are considered deuterostomes, where the blastopore develops into the anus? 
Starfish
Gorillas
Ducks
Jellyfish
Humans
Spiders
Rotifers
A

Starfish, gorillas, ducks, and humans

113
Q

Animals capable of producing their own body heat by way of metabolism and retaining it are said to be…?

A

endothermic

114
Q

Do fish have amniotic eggs?

A

No

115
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

All amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

116
Q

What are osteichthyes?

A

Bony fish

117
Q

What are Mammalia?

A

Vertebrate animals where the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother.

118
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous fish

119
Q

What are Squamata?

A

scaled reptiles like lizards, snakes, and snake-like lizards

120
Q

What clades are endothermic?

A

Mammalia as well as birds

121
Q

Chickens are more closely related to crocodiles than stingrays or lizards

A

Okay. What a dumb fucking question

122
Q

Why are leech mouths shaped the way they are?

A

So it can parasitically cling to its host.

123
Q

What kind of diet might an organism with large canine teeth have?

A

Carnivorous

124
Q

Vertebrates are a subphylum within the phylum…?

A

Chordata

125
Q

Mammals have a fluid-filled body cavity called a…?

A

Coelom

126
Q

The nearest living relatives of crocodiles and alligators are…?

A

Birds

127
Q

Reptilian embryos will not dry out in a desert habitat because…?

A

reptiles produce shelled amniotic eggs

128
Q

Which of the following characteristics would be true of an epithelium specialized for exchange by diffusion?

A

Thin with large surface area (maybe, not 100% sure on this)

129
Q

In general, for mammals, the vessels that carry blood away from the heart in a closed circulatory system are referred to as ______ and vessels carrying blood to the heart are _____. Where veins and arteries meet, _____.

A

Arteries (away), veins (to), capillaries

130
Q

Why do birds excrete uric acid instead of the other forms of nitrogenous waste?

A

As a way to save water and keep their body weight low.

131
Q

Do to your innate immune system, bacteria are attacked by _____ _____ cells

A

leukocytes, phagocytic

132
Q

A new organism is found that is a deuterostome but has radial symmetry. It is likely an…?

A

Echinoderm (starfish, crinoids, sea urchins, etc)

133
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

A single cell that can give rise to all extra-embryonic tissues (totally potent)

134
Q

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

A

A stem cell that can develop into the 3 germ layers of the early embryo, but not extra-embryonic tissue

135
Q

What is a multipotent stem cell?

A

A stem cell that can develop into multiple specialized cell types in a specific tissue layer.

136
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

An organism where the blastopore develops into the anus.

137
Q

What are protostomes?

A

An organism where the blastopore develops into the mouth.

138
Q

What does it mean to acoelomate?

A

No body cavity enclosed by the mesoderm

139
Q

What does it mean to be pseudocoelomate?

A

Body cavity partly enclosed by the mesoderm, but organs/system not separated.

140
Q

What does it mean to be coelomate?

A

Body cavity enclosed, organs/organ systems separated by mesoderm.

141
Q

What makes an arthropod different from ecdysozoa?

A

Molting

142
Q

What are external gills?

A

Gills that can be pulled inside to an extent and are only protected part of the time.

143
Q

What are internal gills?

A

Fully internal gills, able to be exposed but less so than external gills.

144
Q

What all comprises a system?

A

Organs (multiple), tissues, cells, etc

145
Q

What is the difference between a complete digestive system and an incomplete one?

A

Complete digestive systems have multiple organs and are connected mouth to anus

146
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

Endothermic homeostasis needed to stay alive, not including activity, in endotherms

147
Q

What is the standard metabolic rate

A

BMR for ectotherms

148
Q

What leads to a higher BMR?

A

High surface area with small size (size shrews)

149
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Neurons that sense temperature

150
Q

What are chemo-receptors?

A

Neurons that sense chemicals

151
Q

What are mechanical receptors?

A

Neurons that sense physical stimuli, as well as things like wavelength.

Bio111 (3 decks)

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