Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is deception
A
An intentional act in which senders transmit messages to mislead another by fostering false impressions, beliefs, or understanding
2
Q
Why do we care about deception?
A
Sought after skill to manage relationships
Get what u want
3
Q
Why do we deceive?
A
Deception can help people get what they want
Deception can be positive or negative
Positive-engagement party secret
Neg- betraying trust
4
Q
What are the functions of deception?
A
Self-focused motives
Partner-focused motives
Relationship-focused motives
5
Q
What are the self focused motives function of deception
A
Protecting self image, maintain privacy
6
Q
”that assignment was easy”
“Yeah ikr” hasn’t started yet
A
Self-focused motives
function of deception
7
Q
What is the partner-focused motives function of deception
A
Helping someone else, protecting emotions
8
Q
What is Relationship-focused motives function of deception
A
Avoiding conflict, avoid violating role expectations
9
Q
What is the Kashy and DePaulo 1996 study
A
Participants lie between 0-42 times a week
Lies happen every day
Most people lie one or two times per day but some people tell more than others
10
Q
Serota and Levine 2015
A
Small population of high frequency liars
5% of subjects account for more than 50% of lies
Most lies are small but prolific liars are more likely to tell bigger and riskier ones
11
Q
What are the theoretical frameworks of deception
A
Evolutionary perspective Leakage hypothesis Interpersonal deception theory Four-factor theory Truth default theory Self-presentation theory
12
Q
What is the evolutionary perspective
A
Deception is a survival mechanism to protect ourselves and family
People who are good at telling in detecting lies are biologically favored
13
Q
What is the leakage hypothesis?
A
Deception is associated with various internal physiological responses like: Heart rate, blood pressure, sweating
Deceivers try to compensate for these physiological responses
Receivers look for these responses
14
Q
What is the interpersonal deception theory
A
The more positive the relationship, the more we expect to get the truth
Focuses on the sender and receiver
15
Q
What is the self presentation theory
A
Bolster credibility
Strategic
White lies mostly
16
Q
What is the four-factor theory APCD
A
Attempted control -attempting to look and sound truthful
physiological arousal -visible and audible signs
cognitive processing- lying is harder than telling the truth, signs of thinking
displays of emotions -concealing or faking emotions
17
Q
What is the truth default theory
A
Human communication operates under the assumption that the other person is being honest
This makes us vulnerable to deception
18
Q
What is the truth bias
A
Apart of the truth default theory which states that we have a tendency to believe others are being honest
19
Q
Can we detect deception
A
- We believe we are accurate decoders of deception, but we are only slightly better than chance
- With protection training 55%
- with Cue-based approaches 53-55%
20
Q
What do used to be look for to detect deception?
A
 avoiding eye contact, facial expressions, fidgeting, shifting posture, tone of voice, nervousness, vocal pitch, pausing, hesitation, speech errors, faster rate of speech, pupil dilation
21
Q
What cues are best to worst at detecting deception?
A
- Vocal pitch and pupil dilation(good)
- Response latency, illustrators, speech errors(average)
- Eye contact, smiling, positive shifts, speech rate(not that gr8)
22
Q
Burgoon and Proudfoot
A
NV cues can detect lies
We may not be good at deception detection because deceivers can adapt to skepticism
23
Q
Why are social relationships important?
A
Social interactions with others are critical to everyday human functioning, and isolation is one of the most severe forms of human punishment
24
Q
Nonverbal behaviors are one of the primary ways we ______ and ______ interpersonal relationships
A
Initiate and maintain
25
Perspectives of intimacy
Romantic courtship,
non-romantic courtship,
closeness with strangers and acquaintances,
closeness with well-established relationships
26
Courtship behaviors (AAT)
Approach, acknowledge, talk
27
Courtship behaviors: approach
Getting two people in the same proximity
28
Courtship behaviors: acknowledge
Nonverbal invitation to begin talking, initiating conversation
29
Courtship behavior: talk
Increase in touch and eye gaze, more synchrony in verbal cues
30
What are Scheflen’s elements of courtship (RAIP)
Readiness,
Appeal/Invitation
Positioning
31
Scheflen’s elements of courtship: courtship readiness example
Preparing yourself to have a conversation, standing up straighter
32
Scheflen’s elements of courtship: positioning for courtship example
Putting on lip gloss, fixing hair
33
Scheflen’s elements of courtship: Actions of Appeal or invitation example
Flirtatious glance
34
What are quasi-courtship behaviors
Flirtatious behaviors that are not meant to be taken seriously
Things that seem flirtatious but really aren’t
Ex: teasing
35
Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship ARRIS
```
Attention
Recognition
Resolution
Interaction
Sexual arousal
```
36
Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: attention
Communicating interest to nonverbally, preening-making us look more attractive
Fixing makeup, hair, clothes
37
Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Recognition
Responding to interest
38
Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Interaction
Approaching and talking, synchrony
39
Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Sexual Arousal
Physical forms of affection, hugging or kissing
40
Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Resolutions
Sexual relations 😳
41
Cognitive valance theory
Increase in immediacy behaviors by person a leads to A positive response in person B only if:
- Person B perceived the immediacy
- Person A’s behavior causes person B moderate arousal, activating person B’s cognitive schema
- Person B’s cognitive schema is completely positive
42
Changes as relationships developing become committed
- To establish a relationship we use a lot of NV behaviors
- quality>quantity to maintain relationship
- long-term relationships also model relational characteristics: couple acts the same and looks alike
43
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: metaphor?
Onion metaphor
44
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Richness
Greater breadth of communication
Ex: more facial expressions
45
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Efficiency:
Accuracy of signals, fewer misunderstandings
Ex: decoding emotions that may be misunderstood by others
46
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Uniqueness
Less conventional forms of communication
Ex: unique nonverbal messages expressing affection, Being secretive with gestures
47
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Sustainability
Flexibility and signaling
| Ex: ability to signal romantic interest with gestures, expressions, etc.
48
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Synchrony
Interpersonal coordination and sensitivity
| Ex:mirroring, speech convergence
49
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Openness
Accessibility of self to other
| Ex: immediacy behaviors such as proximity, touch, etc.
50
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Spontaneity
Honest, uninhibited communication
| Ex: fewer display rules, less pressure to control NVs
51
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Evaluation
Judgmental messages and critical feedback indicating desire to change the other
Ex: disapproving facial/vocal expressions like anger or yelling
52
How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective dimensions
```
Richness,
Efficiency,
Uniqueness,
Sustainability,
Synchrony,
Openness,
Spontaneity,
Evaluation
```
53
What are Relational Maintenance Behaviors
Routine behaviors to increase quality of our relationships
54
Relational maintenance behaviors
```
Positivity,
Understanding,
Self disclosure,
Relationship talks,
Assurances,
Tasks,
Networks
```
55
Relational maintenance behaviors: positivity
Bing cheerful and optimistic, practice patience and positivity
56
Relational maintenance behaviors: understanding
Lack of judgment and a forgiving nature
57
Relational maintenance behaviors: self-disclosure
Sharing thoughts, feelings, and fears
58
Relational maintenance behaviors: Relationship talks
Discussing the relationship
59
Relational maintenance behaviors: Assurances
Discussions about the future of the relationship and the partner as a meaningful person
60
Relational maintenance behaviors: Tasks
Sharing responsibility and sharing work fairly
61
Relational maintenance behaviors: Networks
Spending time with each other’s friends and family
62
Extended proxemics zones for an extended period of time, decrease in touching behaviors, minimal eye contact or mutual gaze may suggest that
Relationship probs exist
63
Friendships types
Cross sex friendships, male friendships, female friendships
64
Cross-Sex friendships are
Platonic male and female relationship, can include uncertain norms for proxemics sounds and haptics, underlying sexual tension
65
Male friendships
Task oriented, minimal mom verbal behavior, common interests
66
Female friendships
More emotional connection, more nonverbal behavior, social support and open communication
67
What is stress
A combination of thoughts and worries which negatively impact the body‘s responses
68
Stress: emotional
Stress changes how we feel about certain situations
69
Stress: behavioral
Stress can change the way we act, avoidance or extreme behavior
70
Stress: physical
Stress can cause noticeable problems in our bodies, eyebags, aching muscles, decreased immune system
71
Common sources of stress
Negative situation, positive situation, personality, secondhand stress
72
Sources of stress: negative situations
Stressors
| Ex: Exams, finals week, finances
73
Sources of stress: positive situations
Positive things that can cause uncertainty
Ex: Vacation, graduation, jobs
74
Sources of stress: personality
Certain personality traits predispose people to experience more stress, mental health issues
75
Sources of stress: secondhand stress
When people in our lives become stressed, we feel it too
76
Nonverbal cues to communicate stress
Less smiling and facial expressions, bad posture, downward or lack of iContact, slower and less frequent gestures, decreased touching behaviors, less groomed or care about appearance
77
Using nonverbal communication to cope with stress
- Increased human contact (haptics), positive touch behavior
- Strategic facial expressions, fake it till you make it
- Larger proxemics zones, take some time and space
78
Gottman four horsemen of the apocalypse
Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
79
Four horsemen of the apocalypse: criticism
Accusing of wrongdoing or blaming
“ why are you always late?”
Angry face, raising voice, pointing
80
Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Contempt
Making others feel worthless, insulting, disrespect
“You’re an idiot”
Eye rolling, smoking, sarcasm
81
Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Defensiveness
Feeling attacked, regarding self as the victim
“ here we go again”
Pouting, arm folding, gaze aversion
82
Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Stonewalling
Withdrawing from conflict
“ I don’t have to take this.“
Silence, turning away, blank face
83
How do I escape or avoid destructive behaviors?
- Use immediacy behaviors
- Avoid needless displays of anger
- Replace nonverbal contempt with validating actions like active listening
- Use repair mechanisms which are actions preventing negative feelings or behaviors from spiraling out of control
84
Appeasement behaviors
Pacify the other person in a potential or actual conflict leading to reconciliation, display submissive and affiliative behaviors
85
Anticipatory appeasement
Prevents conflict with nonverbal acts by showing politeness and shyness
86
Reactive appeasement
Reduces conflict taking place with nonverbal‘s by showing embarrassment or shame
87
How can we become a source of emotional support in six steps?
1. Recognize distress
2. Reflecting feelings (empathy)
3. Reaching out
4. Relinquishing control
5. Reinforcing speech
6. Rewarding optimism
88
What is mediated communication?
Communication that is mediated by a channel or tool to transmit and receive a message
Ex: Email, chats, texting, social media
89
The cues filtered out perspective
- Suggests that we introduce mediated channels, NVC are lost or distorted
- CMC is always impersonal because it lacks NV cues that make interactions socially and emotionally warm
90
Social information processing theory
CMC can be just as good as normal comm
91
What is bandwidth
The amount of information that can be communicated at a given time
92
The hyper personal model
- Explains why those communicating with CMC sometimes have superior communication
- CMC allows us to edit messages with asynchronous communication
- we selectively present ourselves to manage our impressions
93
Media richness and nonverbal communication
Some channels allow for more information and more effective communication than other channels
94
Chronemics and CMC
Synchronous- phone or zoom
asynchronous-email, text
response latency- Gap in time between sending and receiving messages
95
Emojis
Commas of typed symbols or pictures that convey meaning, can be used to replicate emotions, might accompany words or stand alone
96
Avatars
Mediated embodiment and manifestations of human characteristics, viewed as a non-verbal expression of oneself, representative of the symbolic nature of NVC
97
Social presence
Identify or connecting with others and reducing psychological distance through technology because original people are seen as actual people
98
Applications of interactive media and nonverbal communication
Building personal relationships, pursuing an education, helping those in need
99
Nonverbal dangers of CMC
Nonverbal images could have negative consequences, online is permanent, can damage self-esteem and privacy, catfishing
100
Perspectives for interpreting nonverbal communication in the workplace
Functionalist and critical
101
Functionalist perspective of interpreting NVC in the workplace
Focuses on practicality of NVC in organizations
102
Critical perspective for interpreting NVC in the workplace
Focuses on symbolized meaning of NVC, stresses how NVC is used to Marginalize certain members of the workplace
103
Space in the workplace
Spaces in environment influence employees attitudes or behaviors
- more windows=employee happiness
- bright and neutral colors increase satisfaction
- Open spaces create increased communication
Power is reflected in the amount of space each employee has
104
Territory: open door policy
preferred in workplace, honest communication
105
Territory: closed door policy
Employees prefer privacy over collaboration
106
 Time
Important in American organizations, people get paid hourly, time=commitment and dedication
107
Touch
- Communicates messages in organizations like status in power and sex differences
- Superiors initiate and control touch behaviors
- touch behaviors across sexes is negative
108
Nonverbal communication is the ________ way individuals manage their impressions in the workplace
PRIMARY
| 
109
Impression management strategies can be related to:
Employees perceived efficiency, job promotions
110
Appearance within organizations
- Well dressed=competent
| - Looking too good can backfire and be seen as to feminine
111
Dos for job interviewing
Respect personal space, look good and clean, even tone, relax, hold pen or notepad if you were unsure where to put your hands
112
Don’ts For job interviewing
Weird handshake, poor or too much iContact, out of control gestures, lack of facial expression, poor posture, odd attire, too much perfume, click a pen
113
How can nonverbal communication substitute for verbal communication?
Follows the same patterns and models as verbal communication, is more likely to be believed or trusted
114
What is the largest code in terms of possible cues?
Kinesics (body movement)
115
Proxemics
Changes in interpersonal distance or noticed and result in fight or flight, can be used as threat or affection, intent is determined by other messages
116
Haptics (touch)
Physiologically arousing, Noticeable to recipient who tries to determine the intent of the sender
117
Basic facial expressions
```
Surprise
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Interest
Sadness
Happiness
```
118
Physical characteristics
- Certain aspects can be easily changed to influence messages: hairstyle
- some aspects aren’t intended to be communicative but are
- people are judged on appearance which they have little control over
119
Chronemics
- Communication potential is minimal
| - Characteristics are more likely to be influenced by individual interaction
120
Olfactics
- Scents can go on a continuum from good to bad
- we limit in remove biological smells
- some scents are hormonal and hard to manage
121
Oculesics
- The use of eyes is one of the most important senses for observation
- eye contact can be ambiguous to receivers
- meaning is interpreted in relation to other cues
122
Environment
- Focuses on acquiring culturally relevant reactions to a space rather than about shaping the content of a space itself
- The selection of artifacts can be an exception
123
How can understanding nonverbal communication increase our communication competency?
- help us pick up subtle cues
- adds to understanding
- make better decisions
- insight into diversity of messaging
