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COMM 308 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is deception

A

An intentional act in which senders transmit messages to mislead another by fostering false impressions, beliefs, or understanding

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2
Q

Why do we care about deception?

A

Sought after skill to manage relationships

Get what u want

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3
Q

Why do we deceive?

A

Deception can help people get what they want

Deception can be positive or negative
Positive-engagement party secret
Neg- betraying trust

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4
Q

What are the functions of deception?

A

Self-focused motives
Partner-focused motives
Relationship-focused motives

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5
Q

What are the self focused motives function of deception

A

Protecting self image, maintain privacy

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6
Q

”that assignment was easy”

“Yeah ikr” hasn’t started yet

A

Self-focused motives

function of deception

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7
Q

What is the partner-focused motives function of deception

A

Helping someone else, protecting emotions

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8
Q

What is Relationship-focused motives function of deception

A

Avoiding conflict, avoid violating role expectations

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9
Q

What is the Kashy and DePaulo 1996 study

A

Participants lie between 0-42 times a week

Lies happen every day

Most people lie one or two times per day but some people tell more than others

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10
Q

Serota and Levine 2015

A

Small population of high frequency liars

5% of subjects account for more than 50% of lies

Most lies are small but prolific liars are more likely to tell bigger and riskier ones

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11
Q

What are the theoretical frameworks of deception

A 
Evolutionary perspective
Leakage hypothesis
Interpersonal deception theory
Four-factor theory
Truth default theory
Self-presentation theory
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12
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective

A

Deception is a survival mechanism to protect ourselves and family

People who are good at telling in detecting lies are biologically favored

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13
Q

What is the leakage hypothesis?

A

Deception is associated with various internal physiological responses like: Heart rate, blood pressure, sweating

Deceivers try to compensate for these physiological responses

Receivers look for these responses

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14
Q

What is the interpersonal deception theory

A

The more positive the relationship, the more we expect to get the truth

Focuses on the sender and receiver

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15
Q

What is the self presentation theory

A

Bolster credibility

Strategic

White lies mostly

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16
Q

What is the four-factor theory APCD

A

Attempted control -attempting to look and sound truthful

physiological arousal -visible and audible signs

cognitive processing- lying is harder than telling the truth, signs of thinking

displays of emotions -concealing or faking emotions

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17
Q

What is the truth default theory

A

Human communication operates under the assumption that the other person is being honest

This makes us vulnerable to deception

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18
Q

What is the truth bias

A

Apart of the truth default theory which states that we have a tendency to believe others are being honest

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19
Q

Can we detect deception

A
  • We believe we are accurate decoders of deception, but we are only slightly better than chance
  • With protection training 55%
  • with Cue-based approaches 53-55%
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20
Q

What do used to be look for to detect deception?

A

 avoiding eye contact, facial expressions, fidgeting, shifting posture, tone of voice, nervousness, vocal pitch, pausing, hesitation, speech errors, faster rate of speech, pupil dilation

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21
Q

What cues are best to worst at detecting deception?

A
  • Vocal pitch and pupil dilation(good)
  • Response latency, illustrators, speech errors(average)
  • Eye contact, smiling, positive shifts, speech rate(not that gr8)
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22
Q

Burgoon and Proudfoot

A

NV cues can detect lies

We may not be good at deception detection because deceivers can adapt to skepticism

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23
Q

Why are social relationships important?

A

Social interactions with others are critical to everyday human functioning, and isolation is one of the most severe forms of human punishment

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24
Q

Nonverbal behaviors are one of the primary ways we ______ and ______ interpersonal relationships

A

Initiate and maintain

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25
Q

Perspectives of intimacy

A

Romantic courtship,
non-romantic courtship,
closeness with strangers and acquaintances,
closeness with well-established relationships

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26
Q

Courtship behaviors (AAT)

A

Approach, acknowledge, talk

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27
Q

Courtship behaviors: approach

A

Getting two people in the same proximity

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28
Q

Courtship behaviors: acknowledge

A

Nonverbal invitation to begin talking, initiating conversation

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29
Q

Courtship behavior: talk

A

Increase in touch and eye gaze, more synchrony in verbal cues

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30
Q

What are Scheflen’s elements of courtship (RAIP)

A

Readiness,
Appeal/Invitation
Positioning

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31
Q

Scheflen’s elements of courtship: courtship readiness example

A

Preparing yourself to have a conversation, standing up straighter

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32
Q

Scheflen’s elements of courtship: positioning for courtship example

A

Putting on lip gloss, fixing hair

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33
Q

Scheflen’s elements of courtship: Actions of Appeal or invitation example

A

Flirtatious glance

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34
Q

What are quasi-courtship behaviors

A

Flirtatious behaviors that are not meant to be taken seriously
Things that seem flirtatious but really aren’t

Ex: teasing

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35
Q

Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship ARRIS

A 
Attention
Recognition
Resolution
Interaction
Sexual arousal
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36
Q

Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: attention

A

Communicating interest to nonverbally, preening-making us look more attractive

Fixing makeup, hair, clothes

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37
Q

Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Recognition

A

Responding to interest

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38
Q

Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Interaction

A

Approaching and talking, synchrony

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39
Q

Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Sexual Arousal

A

Physical forms of affection, hugging or kissing

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40
Q

Givens’ Five stages of nonverbal courtship: Resolutions

A

Sexual relations 😳

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41
Q

Cognitive valance theory

A

Increase in immediacy behaviors by person a leads to A positive response in person B only if:

  • Person B perceived the immediacy
  • Person A’s behavior causes person B moderate arousal, activating person B’s cognitive schema
  • Person B’s cognitive schema is completely positive
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42
Q

Changes as relationships developing become committed

A
  • To establish a relationship we use a lot of NV behaviors
  • quality>quantity to maintain relationship
  • long-term relationships also model relational characteristics: couple acts the same and looks alike
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43
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: metaphor?

A

Onion metaphor

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44
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Richness

A

Greater breadth of communication

Ex: more facial expressions

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45
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Efficiency:

A

Accuracy of signals, fewer misunderstandings

Ex: decoding emotions that may be misunderstood by others

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46
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Uniqueness

A

Less conventional forms of communication

Ex: unique nonverbal messages expressing affection, Being secretive with gestures

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47
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Sustainability

A

Flexibility and signaling

Ex: ability to signal romantic interest with gestures, expressions, etc.

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48
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Synchrony

A

Interpersonal coordination and sensitivity

Ex:mirroring, speech convergence

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49
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective:
Openness

A

Accessibility of self to other

Ex: immediacy behaviors such as proximity, touch, etc.

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50
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Spontaneity

A

Honest, uninhibited communication

Ex: fewer display rules, less pressure to control NVs

51
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective: Evaluation

A

Judgmental messages and critical feedback indicating desire to change the other
Ex: disapproving facial/vocal expressions like anger or yelling

52
Q

How to increase intimacy: a social penetration theory perspective dimensions

A 
Richness, 
Efficiency, 
Uniqueness, 
Sustainability, 
Synchrony, 
Openness, 
Spontaneity, 
Evaluation
53
Q

What are Relational Maintenance Behaviors

A

Routine behaviors to increase quality of our relationships

54
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors

A 
Positivity, 
Understanding, 
Self disclosure, 
Relationship talks, 
Assurances,
Tasks, 
Networks
55
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: positivity

A

Bing cheerful and optimistic, practice patience and positivity

56
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: understanding

A

Lack of judgment and a forgiving nature

57
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: self-disclosure

A

Sharing thoughts, feelings, and fears

58
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: Relationship talks

A

Discussing the relationship

59
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: Assurances

A

Discussions about the future of the relationship and the partner as a meaningful person

60
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: Tasks

A

Sharing responsibility and sharing work fairly

61
Q

Relational maintenance behaviors: Networks

A

Spending time with each other’s friends and family

62
Q

Extended proxemics zones for an extended period of time, decrease in touching behaviors, minimal eye contact or mutual gaze may suggest that

A

Relationship probs exist

63
Q

Friendships types

A

Cross sex friendships, male friendships, female friendships

64
Q

Cross-Sex friendships are

A

Platonic male and female relationship, can include uncertain norms for proxemics sounds and haptics, underlying sexual tension

65
Q

Male friendships

A

Task oriented, minimal mom verbal behavior, common interests

66
Q

Female friendships

A

More emotional connection, more nonverbal behavior, social support and open communication

67
Q

What is stress

A

A combination of thoughts and worries which negatively impact the body‘s responses

68
Q

Stress: emotional

A

Stress changes how we feel about certain situations

69
Q

Stress: behavioral

A

Stress can change the way we act, avoidance or extreme behavior

70
Q

Stress: physical

A

Stress can cause noticeable problems in our bodies, eyebags, aching muscles, decreased immune system

71
Q

Common sources of stress

A

Negative situation, positive situation, personality, secondhand stress

72
Q

Sources of stress: negative situations

A

Stressors

Ex: Exams, finals week, finances

73
Q

Sources of stress: positive situations

A

Positive things that can cause uncertainty

Ex: Vacation, graduation, jobs

74
Q

Sources of stress: personality

A

Certain personality traits predispose people to experience more stress, mental health issues

75
Q

Sources of stress: secondhand stress

A

When people in our lives become stressed, we feel it too

76
Q

Nonverbal cues to communicate stress

A

Less smiling and facial expressions, bad posture, downward or lack of iContact, slower and less frequent gestures, decreased touching behaviors, less groomed or care about appearance

77
Q

Using nonverbal communication to cope with stress

A
  • Increased human contact (haptics), positive touch behavior
  • Strategic facial expressions, fake it till you make it
  • Larger proxemics zones, take some time and space
78
Q

Gottman four horsemen of the apocalypse

A

Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

79
Q

Four horsemen of the apocalypse: criticism

A

Accusing of wrongdoing or blaming

“ why are you always late?”

Angry face, raising voice, pointing

80
Q

Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Contempt

A

Making others feel worthless, insulting, disrespect

“You’re an idiot”

Eye rolling, smoking, sarcasm

81
Q

Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Defensiveness

A

Feeling attacked, regarding self as the victim

“ here we go again”

Pouting, arm folding, gaze aversion

82
Q

Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Stonewalling

A

Withdrawing from conflict

“ I don’t have to take this.“

Silence, turning away, blank face

83
Q

How do I escape or avoid destructive behaviors?

A
  • Use immediacy behaviors
  • Avoid needless displays of anger
  • Replace nonverbal contempt with validating actions like active listening
  • Use repair mechanisms which are actions preventing negative feelings or behaviors from spiraling out of control
84
Q

Appeasement behaviors

A

Pacify the other person in a potential or actual conflict leading to reconciliation, display submissive and affiliative behaviors

85
Q

Anticipatory appeasement

A

Prevents conflict with nonverbal acts by showing politeness and shyness

86
Q

Reactive appeasement

A

Reduces conflict taking place with nonverbal‘s by showing embarrassment or shame

87
Q

How can we become a source of emotional support in six steps?

A
  1. Recognize distress
  2. Reflecting feelings (empathy)
  3. Reaching out
  4. Relinquishing control
  5. Reinforcing speech
  6. Rewarding optimism
88
Q

What is mediated communication?

A

Communication that is mediated by a channel or tool to transmit and receive a message
Ex: Email, chats, texting, social media

89
Q

The cues filtered out perspective

A
  • Suggests that we introduce mediated channels, NVC are lost or distorted
  • CMC is always impersonal because it lacks NV cues that make interactions socially and emotionally warm
90
Q

Social information processing theory

A

CMC can be just as good as normal comm

91
Q

What is bandwidth

A

The amount of information that can be communicated at a given time

92
Q

The hyper personal model

A
  • Explains why those communicating with CMC sometimes have superior communication
  • CMC allows us to edit messages with asynchronous communication
  • we selectively present ourselves to manage our impressions
93
Q

Media richness and nonverbal communication

A

Some channels allow for more information and more effective communication than other channels

94
Q

Chronemics and CMC

A

Synchronous- phone or zoom

asynchronous-email, text

response latency- Gap in time between sending and receiving messages

95
Q

Emojis

A

Commas of typed symbols or pictures that convey meaning, can be used to replicate emotions, might accompany words or stand alone

96
Q

Avatars

A

Mediated embodiment and manifestations of human characteristics, viewed as a non-verbal expression of oneself, representative of the symbolic nature of NVC

97
Q

Social presence

A

Identify or connecting with others and reducing psychological distance through technology because original people are seen as actual people

98
Q

Applications of interactive media and nonverbal communication

A

Building personal relationships, pursuing an education, helping those in need

99
Q

Nonverbal dangers of CMC

A

Nonverbal images could have negative consequences, online is permanent, can damage self-esteem and privacy, catfishing

100
Q

Perspectives for interpreting nonverbal communication in the workplace

A

Functionalist and critical

101
Q

Functionalist perspective of interpreting NVC in the workplace

A

Focuses on practicality of NVC in organizations

102
Q

Critical perspective for interpreting NVC in the workplace

A

Focuses on symbolized meaning of NVC, stresses how NVC is used to Marginalize certain members of the workplace

103
Q

Space in the workplace

A

Spaces in environment influence employees attitudes or behaviors

  • more windows=employee happiness
  • bright and neutral colors increase satisfaction
  • Open spaces create increased communication

Power is reflected in the amount of space each employee has

104
Q

Territory: open door policy

A

preferred in workplace, honest communication

105
Q

Territory: closed door policy

A

Employees prefer privacy over collaboration

106
Q

 Time

A

Important in American organizations, people get paid hourly, time=commitment and dedication

107
Q

Touch

A
  • Communicates messages in organizations like status in power and sex differences
  • Superiors initiate and control touch behaviors
  • touch behaviors across sexes is negative
108
Q

Nonverbal communication is the ________ way individuals manage their impressions in the workplace

A

PRIMARY



109
Q

Impression management strategies can be related to:

A

Employees perceived efficiency, job promotions

110
Q

Appearance within organizations

A
  • Well dressed=competent

- Looking too good can backfire and be seen as to feminine

111
Q

Dos for job interviewing

A

Respect personal space, look good and clean, even tone, relax, hold pen or notepad if you were unsure where to put your hands

112
Q

Don’ts For job interviewing

A

Weird handshake, poor or too much iContact, out of control gestures, lack of facial expression, poor posture, odd attire, too much perfume, click a pen

113
Q

How can nonverbal communication substitute for verbal communication?

A

Follows the same patterns and models as verbal communication, is more likely to be believed or trusted

114
Q

What is the largest code in terms of possible cues?

A

Kinesics (body movement)

115
Q

Proxemics

A

Changes in interpersonal distance or noticed and result in fight or flight, can be used as threat or affection, intent is determined by other messages

116
Q

Haptics (touch)

A

Physiologically arousing, Noticeable to recipient who tries to determine the intent of the sender

117
Q

Basic facial expressions

A 
Surprise
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Interest
Sadness
Happiness
118
Q

Physical characteristics

A
  • Certain aspects can be easily changed to influence messages: hairstyle
  • some aspects aren’t intended to be communicative but are
  • people are judged on appearance which they have little control over
119
Q

Chronemics

A
  • Communication potential is minimal

- Characteristics are more likely to be influenced by individual interaction

120
Q

Olfactics

A
  • Scents can go on a continuum from good to bad
  • we limit in remove biological smells
  • some scents are hormonal and hard to manage
121
Q

Oculesics

A
  • The use of eyes is one of the most important senses for observation
  • eye contact can be ambiguous to receivers
  • meaning is interpreted in relation to other cues
122
Q

Environment

A
  • Focuses on acquiring culturally relevant reactions to a space rather than about shaping the content of a space itself
  • The selection of artifacts can be an exception
123
Q

How can understanding nonverbal communication increase our communication competency?

A
  • help us pick up subtle cues
  • adds to understanding
  • make better decisions
  • insight into diversity of messaging

COMM 308 (2 decks)

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