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COMM 308 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic codes

A

Communication codes that are biological



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2
Q

Iconic codes

A

Communication codes that act like the real thing

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3
Q

Arbitrary codes

A

Communication code that is learned socially

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4
Q

The importance of vocal cues

A

It is not just WHAT we say but HOW we say it

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5
Q

Sound and it’s attributes

A 
Loudness 
pitch 
duration 
rate 
pronunciation
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6
Q

Loudness attribute of sound

A

Intensity of the voice

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7
Q

Pitch attribute of sound

A

Range/frequency of a voice

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8
Q

Duration attribute of sound

A

How long a sound is made

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9
Q

Rate attribute of sound

A

Speed of pitch

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10
Q

Pronunciation attribute of sound

A

The standard of a sound, clearness or articulation

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11
Q

Vocal cues and speaker recognition

A

We identify things through vocal expressions like:

Sex 
status 
role 
personality 
attraction 
emotional state
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12
Q

Vocal cues and personality

A

Voice set
Voice qualities
Voice characteristics

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13
Q

Voice set

A

Related to the speakers IDENTITY

ex: accents

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14
Q

Voice qualities

A

Specific features of the voice itself

Used to communicate meaning

Pitch, volume, speed

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15
Q

Voice characterizers

A

Additional sound made while speaking

Clearing throat, like or um

Unrelated to speech patterns

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16
Q

Voice deviations

A

Differences in peoples’ voices

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17
Q

Types of voice deviations

A 
Breathiness, 
flatness, 
nasality, 
increased rate of speech, 
variety, 
accent, 
dialect
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18
Q

What is the difference between accent and dialect

A

Accent is the ways words are said

Dialect is when people use different words to call the same thing
Soda=pop

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19
Q

What is flatness?

A

Flatness is related to deeper voices, more credible

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20
Q

We respond to speech along three primary dimensions

A

Sociointellectual status (demographics)

aesthetic quality (pleasing sound)

dynamism (loud aggressive active)

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21
Q

What are the easiest to hardest to hear emotions

A

Anger and sadness- Easy

Joy, fear - Moderate

Disgust- Hard

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22
Q

Can we accurately identify emotions in the voice?

A

Yes, 4 to 5 times better than leaving it up to chance

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23
Q

Comprehension and retention

A

Related to perceptions of competence

Can affect coherent or effective communication

Higher variations in rate, pitch, and quality produce higher retention

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24
Q

Vocal cues are associated with ______ persuasiveness

A

Increased

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25
Q

What are the types of vocal cues and turn taking

A

 turn yielding, turn requesting, turn maintaining, turn denying

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26
Q

Turn-yielding

A

We finished speaking, signal another to speak

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27
Q

Turn-requesting

A

We want another person to finish speaking

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28
Q

Turn-maintaining

A

We want to continue talking

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29
Q

Turn-Denying

A

We do not want to speak

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30
Q

Hesitations, pauses, and silence

A

Can communicate a lot of information

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31
Q

Types of pauses

A

Filled and unfilled pauses

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32
Q

Unfilled pauses

A

Vocal activity stops

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33
Q

Filled pauses

A

Uses filler words

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34
Q

Reasons why pauses occur

A

Hesitation, psycholinguistic, interactive

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35
Q

Hesitation (reason for pausing)

A

Anxiety and uncertainty

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36
Q

Psycholinguistic (reason for pausing)

A

Related to encoding and decoding speech

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37
Q

Interactive (reason for pausing)

A

Products of the interaction itself cost people to stop talking and turn their attention elsewhere

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38
Q

What are the influence and coordination of positives within the dyad

A

Pauses can make people speed up or talk more

People match the non-response and stay silent

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39
Q

What is the difference between silence and pauses

A

Silence is longer than pauses

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40
Q

What are three major ways that silence can be used?

A

Establishing distance in relationships

Necessary for a person to put thoughts together

Used to emphasize certain points in a conversation

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41
Q

What are the types of communicator styles (FIRCAPADOD)

A 
Friendly
impression leaving 
relaxed 
contentious 
attentive 
precise 
animated 
dramatic 
open 
dominant
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42
Q

Friendly communicator style

A

Kind and caring

“I think you are important“

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43
Q

Contentious communicator style

A

“I will challenge you”

Likes to argue

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44
Q

What is the first non-verbal message we notice

A

Physical appearance

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45
Q

What are the two perspectives about perceiving physical attractiveness? What do they mean?

A

Universal perspective- The majority of people find a persons characteristics attractive

individual perspective- The individual decides what they define to be attractive

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46
Q

The matching hypothesis states that

A

People look for someone at their same attractiveness level

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47
Q

How can being a tractive change your experience at work?

A

May help obtain a job, get promoted, earn more money

Not always good, getting things done is better than physical attractiveness, more tractive means less competent sometimes

48
Q

True or false, attractive people are more persuasive

A

True

49
Q

People who are viewed as unattractive are more likely to be ____ and _____

A

Arrested and charged with crimes

50
Q

What are the body’s specific features?

A

The face, height, body image

51
Q

What are the functions of clothing?

A 
Decoration 
Protection
Sexual attraction
Attitude
Ideology
52
Q

A red carpet down serves a work function of clothing?

A

Decoration

53
Q

A winter coat or sun hat who’s which function of clothing

A

Protection

54
Q

A club dress or expensive dress shirt is which type of function of clothing

A

Sexual attraction

55
Q

What is an example of the ATTITUDE function of clothing

A

Professional clothes or casual clothes

56
Q

Wearing a cross or hijab is what function of clothing

A

Ideology

57
Q

Clothing as information includes

A

Personal attributes
Roles/jobs
Attitudes/emotions

58
Q

What are the effects of clothing on the wearer?

A

Clothes satisfy a personal image, presents identity nonverbally

59
Q

-Clothing consciousness
-Exhibitionism
-Practicality
-Designer
Are all

A

Clothing as personality

60
Q

What is clothing consciousness

A

“People notice what I wear”

61
Q

What is exhibitionism



A

“Wearing whatever the heck you want“

62
Q

What is practicality?

A

Functional clothing

63
Q

What is Desiigner

A

“ I live for clothes and fashion”

64
Q

Mee Mun et al determined that the meanings of tattoo themes are…

A 
Connection to self 
life events 
relationships 
spiritual meanings 
no meaning
65
Q

Why might meanings of tattoo themes change?

A

Life transitions or re-interpretation of impulsive acts

66
Q

What is chronemics?

A

The role of time in our daily communication

67
Q

What are the two types of time orientations?

A

Monochronic

Polychronic

68
Q

Mono chronic time orientation is

A

Doing one thing at a time, don’t waste time, plans and rules

69
Q

American culture is an example of what time orientation?

A

Monochronic

70
Q

Polychronic Time orientation is

A

Doing many things at once, relationships are more important than time

71
Q

What are the psychological perceptions of time

A 
Past-negative, 
past-positive, 
present-hedonistic, 
present-fatalistic 
future-focused
72
Q

When you have a negative view of your past, you are said to be

A

Past negative

73
Q

A positive view of your past, like nostalgia means you are

A

Past-positive

74
Q

YOLO Living in the moment means you are

A

Present-hedonistic

75
Q

Being stuck in the present and you cannot change, not being able to control what is going on right now means you are

A

Present-fatalistic

76
Q

When you think aheadAnd do things to meet future goals you are

A

Future-focused

77
Q

What are biological perceptions of time

A

Your biological and internal clock, being a morning or night person

78
Q

What are cultural perceptions of time?

A

Technical and formal

79
Q

What is the technical cultural perception of time

A

Measuring time in a precise way
2 Months, 4 weeks, 7 years
(Using numbers)

80
Q

What is the formal cultural perception of time?

A

Things happening in an order or cycle

Seasons, semesters, etc

81
Q

What is olfactics?

A

Nonverbal code that deals with Scent or smell

82
Q

A scale that ranges from pleasant to unpleasant scents

A

the evaluative continuum

83
Q

What are active scents?

A

Actively using smell to communicate, Consciously covering up smells

84
Q

What are passive scents?

A

Smells that are unintentional, biological

85
Q

What is oculesics?

A

How humans communicate through eye behavior

86
Q

Oculesics intrinsic code

A

We are sensitive when humans look at us

87
Q

Oculesics iconic code

A

Deception and forced eye contact

88
Q

Oculesics arbitrary code

A

Gazing norms change across cultures

89
Q

What are the types of eye behavior

A

Gaze,
mutual gaze,
eye contact,
gaze/mutual gaze norms

90
Q

What is gaze

A

And individual’s looking behavior

91
Q

What is mutual gaze

A

Two people are looking at each other knowingly

92
Q

What is eye contact

A

Directly looking into someone’s eyes

93
Q

What is the equilibrium theory

A

We want a balance
Too intimate = uncomfy
We compensate by using behaviors that decrease intimacy level

94
Q

What is the arousal labeling model

A

If arousal is positive, we reciprocate

If arousal is negative, we compensate

95
Q

What is the Expectancy violations theory

A

We pay attention to other’s reward value when they do unexpected behaviors

Reward violator = we reciprocate
Unrewarding violator = we compensate

96
Q

What is the discrepancy arousal model

A

Reactions to others depend on how much we are aroused and not the positive or negative label we assign

Low arousal = no behavior change moderate arousal = reciprocity
High arousal = compensation 

97
Q

What are the functions of gazing

A

Regulate flow, monitor feedback
reflecting cognitive activity,
expressing emotions
eye contact

98
Q

What is an example of regulating the flow of conversation function of gazing?

A

Looking at someone when you want to talk to them

99
Q

Monitoring feedback function of gazing is

A

We look at a person when we are waiting for a response

100
Q

Reflecting cognitive activity function of gazing is

A

Listeners and speakers don’t look at each other when they are processing difficult ideas
Attention becomes Internal instead of external

101
Q

The closer we feel with someone, the ___________

A

More comfortable we are w making prolonged eye contact

102
Q

What are the conditions influencing gazing patterns

A

Distance
physical characteristics
personality characteristics
topics and tasks

103
Q

As distance increases gazing and mutual gazing _____

A

Increase

104
Q

If the topic is happy and upbeat gazing ______

A

Increases

105
Q

We both ______ and are ________ our environments, both of which affect our _________________.

A

We both affect and are affected by our environments, both of which affect our communication behaviors.

106
Q

What is the difference between fixed feature elements and semi-fixed feature elements?

A

Fixed elements are difficult to change like buildings

Semi-fixed elements are easy to change

107
Q

And environment’s use of ____ and ____ Can impact nonverbal and verbal communication patterns

A

Space and volume

108
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Items around us that are selected to communicate some meaning about ourselves

109
Q

Perceptions of warmth

A

Comfort and joy, a psychological feeling, could be influenced by color or furnishing of a room

110
Q

Perceptions of privacy examples

A

Country clubs, bars with age limits

111
Q

Perceptions of privacy

A

Enclosed environments = greater privacy

Greater privacy = more relaxed and more likely to share personal things and speak closer

112
Q

Perceptions of familiarity example

A

Chain restaurants

113
Q

Perceptions of familiarity

A

Expectancy development

unfamiliar environment have rules, rituals, and norms that we aren’t used to which changes our behavior

114
Q

Perceptions of constraint

A

Are based on how easily we can leave a situation

Could be physical or psychological space

115
Q

Perceptions of distance

A

Based on how close we have to be to conduct our communication

Psychological and physical distance

116
Q

Perceptions of distance examples

A

Elevator, airplane, big park

COMM 308 (2 decks)

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