Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Intrinsic codes
A
Communication codes that are biological

2
Q
Iconic codes
A
Communication codes that act like the real thing
3
Q
Arbitrary codes
A
Communication code that is learned socially
4
Q
The importance of vocal cues
A
It is not just WHAT we say but HOW we say it
5
Q
Sound and it’s attributes
A
Loudness pitch duration rate pronunciation
6
Q
Loudness attribute of sound
A
Intensity of the voice
7
Q
Pitch attribute of sound
A
Range/frequency of a voice
8
Q
Duration attribute of sound
A
How long a sound is made
9
Q
Rate attribute of sound
A
Speed of pitch
10
Q
Pronunciation attribute of sound
A
The standard of a sound, clearness or articulation
11
Q
Vocal cues and speaker recognition
A
We identify things through vocal expressions like:
Sex status role personality attraction emotional state
12
Q
Vocal cues and personality
A
Voice set
Voice qualities
Voice characteristics
13
Q
Voice set
A
Related to the speakers IDENTITY
ex: accents
14
Q
Voice qualities
A
Specific features of the voice itself
Used to communicate meaning
Pitch, volume, speed
15
Q
Voice characterizers
A
Additional sound made while speaking
Clearing throat, like or um
Unrelated to speech patterns
16
Q
Voice deviations
A
Differences in peoples’ voices
17
Q
Types of voice deviations
A
Breathiness, flatness, nasality, increased rate of speech, variety, accent, dialect
18
Q
What is the difference between accent and dialect
A
Accent is the ways words are said
Dialect is when people use different words to call the same thing
Soda=pop
19
Q
What is flatness?
A
Flatness is related to deeper voices, more credible
20
Q
We respond to speech along three primary dimensions
A
Sociointellectual status (demographics)
aesthetic quality (pleasing sound)
dynamism (loud aggressive active)
21
Q
What are the easiest to hardest to hear emotions
A
Anger and sadness- Easy
Joy, fear - Moderate
Disgust- Hard
22
Q
Can we accurately identify emotions in the voice?
A
Yes, 4 to 5 times better than leaving it up to chance
23
Q
Comprehension and retention
A
Related to perceptions of competence
Can affect coherent or effective communication
Higher variations in rate, pitch, and quality produce higher retention
24
Q
Vocal cues are associated with ______ persuasiveness
A
Increased
25
What are the types of vocal cues and turn taking
 turn yielding, turn requesting, turn maintaining, turn denying
26
Turn-yielding
We finished speaking, signal another to speak
27
Turn-requesting
We want another person to finish speaking
28
Turn-maintaining
We want to continue talking
29
Turn-Denying
We do not want to speak
30
Hesitations, pauses, and silence
Can communicate a lot of information
31
Types of pauses
Filled and unfilled pauses
32
Unfilled pauses
Vocal activity stops
33
Filled pauses
Uses filler words
34
Reasons why pauses occur
Hesitation, psycholinguistic, interactive
35
Hesitation (reason for pausing)
Anxiety and uncertainty
36
Psycholinguistic (reason for pausing)
Related to encoding and decoding speech
37
Interactive (reason for pausing)
Products of the interaction itself cost people to stop talking and turn their attention elsewhere
38
What are the influence and coordination of positives within the dyad
Pauses can make people speed up or talk more
People match the non-response and stay silent
39
What is the difference between silence and pauses
Silence is longer than pauses
40
What are three major ways that silence can be used?
Establishing distance in relationships
Necessary for a person to put thoughts together
Used to emphasize certain points in a conversation
41
What are the types of communicator styles (FIRCAPADOD)
```
Friendly
impression leaving
relaxed
contentious
attentive
precise
animated
dramatic
open
dominant
```
42
Friendly communicator style
Kind and caring
| “I think you are important“
43
Contentious communicator style
“I will challenge you”
| Likes to argue
44
What is the first non-verbal message we notice
Physical appearance
45
What are the two perspectives about perceiving physical attractiveness? What do they mean?
Universal perspective- The majority of people find a persons characteristics attractive
individual perspective- The individual decides what they define to be attractive
46
The matching hypothesis states that
People look for someone at their same attractiveness level
47
How can being a tractive change your experience at work?
May help obtain a job, get promoted, earn more money
Not always good, getting things done is better than physical attractiveness, more tractive means less competent sometimes
48
True or false, attractive people are more persuasive
True
49
People who are viewed as unattractive are more likely to be ____ and _____
Arrested and charged with crimes
50
What are the body’s specific features?
The face, height, body image
51
What are the functions of clothing?
```
Decoration
Protection
Sexual attraction
Attitude
Ideology
```
52
A red carpet down serves a work function of clothing?
Decoration
53
A winter coat or sun hat who’s which function of clothing
Protection
54
A club dress or expensive dress shirt is which type of function of clothing
Sexual attraction
55
What is an example of the ATTITUDE function of clothing
Professional clothes or casual clothes
56
Wearing a cross or hijab is what function of clothing
Ideology
57
Clothing as information includes
Personal attributes
Roles/jobs
Attitudes/emotions
58
What are the effects of clothing on the wearer?
Clothes satisfy a personal image, presents identity nonverbally
59
-Clothing consciousness
-Exhibitionism
-Practicality
-Designer
Are all
Clothing as personality
60
What is clothing consciousness
“People notice what I wear”
61
What is exhibitionism
| 
“Wearing whatever the heck you want“
62
What is practicality?
Functional clothing
63
What is Desiigner
“ I live for clothes and fashion”
64
Mee Mun et al determined that the meanings of tattoo themes are…
```
Connection to self
life events
relationships
spiritual meanings
no meaning
```
65
Why might meanings of tattoo themes change?
Life transitions or re-interpretation of impulsive acts
66
What is chronemics?
The role of time in our daily communication
67
What are the two types of time orientations?
Monochronic
| Polychronic
68
Mono chronic time orientation is
Doing one thing at a time, don’t waste time, plans and rules
69
American culture is an example of what time orientation?
Monochronic
70
Polychronic Time orientation is
Doing many things at once, relationships are more important than time
71
What are the psychological perceptions of time
```
Past-negative,
past-positive,
present-hedonistic,
present-fatalistic
future-focused
```
72
When you have a negative view of your past, you are said to be
Past negative
73
A positive view of your past, like nostalgia means you are
Past-positive
74
#YOLO Living in the moment means you are
Present-hedonistic
75
Being stuck in the present and you cannot change, not being able to control what is going on right now means you are
Present-fatalistic
76
When you think aheadAnd do things to meet future goals you are
Future-focused
77
What are biological perceptions of time
Your biological and internal clock, being a morning or night person
78
What are cultural perceptions of time?
Technical and formal
79
What is the technical cultural perception of time
Measuring time in a precise way
2 Months, 4 weeks, 7 years
(Using numbers)
80
What is the formal cultural perception of time?
Things happening in an order or cycle
Seasons, semesters, etc
81
What is olfactics?
Nonverbal code that deals with Scent or smell
82
A scale that ranges from pleasant to unpleasant scents
the evaluative continuum
83
What are active scents?
Actively using smell to communicate, Consciously covering up smells
84
What are passive scents?
Smells that are unintentional, biological
85
What is oculesics?
How humans communicate through eye behavior
86
Oculesics intrinsic code
We are sensitive when humans look at us
87
Oculesics iconic code
Deception and forced eye contact
88
Oculesics arbitrary code
Gazing norms change across cultures
89
What are the types of eye behavior
Gaze,
mutual gaze,
eye contact,
gaze/mutual gaze norms
90
What is gaze
And individual’s looking behavior
91
What is mutual gaze
Two people are looking at each other knowingly
92
What is eye contact
Directly looking into someone’s eyes
93
What is the equilibrium theory
We want a balance
Too intimate = uncomfy
We compensate by using behaviors that decrease intimacy level
94
What is the arousal labeling model
If arousal is positive, we reciprocate
| If arousal is negative, we compensate
95
What is the Expectancy violations theory
We pay attention to other’s reward value when they do unexpected behaviors
Reward violator = we reciprocate
Unrewarding violator = we compensate
96
What is the discrepancy arousal model
Reactions to others depend on how much we are aroused and not the positive or negative label we assign
Low arousal = no behavior change moderate arousal = reciprocity
High arousal = compensation 
97
What are the functions of gazing
Regulate flow, monitor feedback
reflecting cognitive activity,
expressing emotions
eye contact
98
What is an example of regulating the flow of conversation function of gazing?
Looking at someone when you want to talk to them
99
Monitoring feedback function of gazing is
We look at a person when we are waiting for a response
100
Reflecting cognitive activity function of gazing is
Listeners and speakers don’t look at each other when they are processing difficult ideas
Attention becomes Internal instead of external
101
The closer we feel with someone, the ___________
More comfortable we are w making prolonged eye contact
102
What are the conditions influencing gazing patterns
Distance
physical characteristics
personality characteristics
topics and tasks
103
As distance increases gazing and mutual gazing _____
Increase
104
If the topic is happy and upbeat gazing ______
Increases
105
We both ______ and are ________ our environments, both of which affect our _________________.
We both affect and are affected by our environments, both of which affect our communication behaviors.
106
What is the difference between fixed feature elements and semi-fixed feature elements?
Fixed elements are difficult to change like buildings
Semi-fixed elements are easy to change
107
And environment’s use of ____ and ____ Can impact nonverbal and verbal communication patterns
Space and volume
108
What are artifacts?
Items around us that are selected to communicate some meaning about ourselves
109
Perceptions of warmth
Comfort and joy, a psychological feeling, could be influenced by color or furnishing of a room
110
Perceptions of privacy examples
Country clubs, bars with age limits
111
Perceptions of privacy
Enclosed environments = greater privacy
Greater privacy = more relaxed and more likely to share personal things and speak closer
112
Perceptions of familiarity example
Chain restaurants
113
Perceptions of familiarity
Expectancy development
unfamiliar environment have rules, rituals, and norms that we aren’t used to which changes our behavior
114
Perceptions of constraint
Are based on how easily we can leave a situation
Could be physical or psychological space
115
Perceptions of distance
Based on how close we have to be to conduct our communication
Psychological and physical distance
116
Perceptions of distance examples
Elevator, airplane, big park
