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Research Methods > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary differences between qualitative and quantitative research?

A
  1. Type of data (Quan- numerical, Qual- descriptive)
  2. Amount of data (Quan- goal is just measurement of variables, Qual- goal is to get rich descriptions
  3. Subjective vs Objective (Quan- objective & not based on feelings, Qual- subjective & based on feelings and opinions)
  4. Approach to causality
  5. Inductive vs Deductive (Quan- deductive, Qual- inductive)
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2
Q

What are the strengths of qualitative research?

A
  • explore new vaguely understood social behaviors
  • rapid reconnaissance in situations where time does not permit more structured analysis
  • understanding important individuals
  • analyzing images
  • understanding historical text
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3
Q

What are the weaknesses of qualitative research?

A
  • questions are obvious or obscure
  • methods are highly subjective
  • results are weakly generalizable
  • cannot establish causality
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4
Q

What are the three types of qualitative research methods?

A
  1. Ethnography- the study and systematic recording of human behavior and culture by immersing yourself in the target participants environment
  2. Phenomenological- the study of a phenomenon
  3. Case study- a qualitative research method to deeply observe the characteristics of an individual unit, such as a person, group, or community
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5
Q

What are the two ways of collecting qualitative data?

A
  1. Participant Observation

2. Intensive Interviews

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6
Q

Describe participant observation research

A

Involves developing a sustained relationship
with people while they go about their normal
lives

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7
Q

What are the different roles in participant observation?

A
  1. Complete observation- Researcher does not participate in group activities and is publicly identified as a researcher
  2. Complete participation- Researcher does not reveal their identity to those who are observed
  3. Mixed- Researcher reveals identity, but engages in activities as well
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8
Q

What are the primary ways to organize participant observation research?

A
  1. Choose a role
  2. Enter the field
  3. Developing and maintaining relationships
  4. Taking notes
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9
Q

How do you “enter the field” in participant observation?

A

Gatekeepers: Someone who can grant researchers access to the desired setting

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10
Q

How do you “develop relationships” in participant observation?

A

Key informant: An insider who is willing and able to
provide a field researcher with superior access or
information

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11
Q

How should you “take notes” in participant observation?

A
  1. Systematic or Structured Observation-
    • Involves considerable pre-coding
    • Records when, how often, how long the pre-coded behavior occurs
  2. Narrative Analysis-
    • Focuses on the story itself
    • Seeks to preserve integrity of personal biographies or a series of events
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12
Q

What are intensive interviews?

A

Involves open ended, relatively unstructured questioning in which the interviewer seeks in-depth information on the interviewees feelings, experiences, and perceptions

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13
Q

What are the key elements of intensive interviews?

A
  • Rely on open-ended questions
  • Use active listening- actively question, ask for explanations, show a genuine curiosity
  • Usually long
  • Respondents purposefully selected
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14
Q

What are the four steps qualitative researchers take in analyzing data?

A
  1. Documentation
  2. Conceptualization, Coding, Categorizing
  3. Examining and displaying data
  4. Authenticating conclusions
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15
Q

What things do qualitative researchers do to authenticate their conclusions?

A
  1. Credibility of informants
  2. Leading questions
  3. Reactive effects
  4. Reflexivity
  5. Honest and accurate documentation
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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using computer software in analyzing qualitative data?

A 
Advantages
• Analyze large amounts of text in a short time
• Limits subjectivity
Disadvantage
• Algorithms may miss subtleties
17
Q

What are the four categories of unobtrusive data? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Physical traces- the erosion or accumulation of physical substances that can be used as evidence of activity (ex: beer bottles left behind in alcoholism study)
  2. Archive- written or visual official records recorded by government or other entities (ex: case files)
  3. Observation- what you can see (ex: facial expressions)
  4. Contrived observation- Observations where the researcher has intervened in the situation (ex:
18
Q

What is the difference between historical and comparative measures?

A

Historical Methods- Research methods that aim to improve our understanding of current social processes by
comparing them to those in other times
Comparative Methods- Research methods that aim to improve our understanding of current social processes by comparing them to those in other places

Historical- diff time
Comparative- diff place

19
Q

What is the Model of Evaluation Research?

A

Inputs (resources, clients, staff) -> Program Processes (The treatment delivered by the program) -> Outputs (Quantifying services delivered) -> Outcomes (The impact of the program)

20
Q

What are the four questions to answer in evaluation research?

A
  1. Black box or program theory
    - Black box only cares about whether it works, not why
    - Program cares about both whether and why
  2. Researcher or stakeholder orientation
    - oriented around researcher or stakeholder point of view
  3. Quantitative or qualitative
  4. Simple or complex outcomes
21
Q

What are the five things evaluation research can accomplish?

A
  1. Needs Assessment- Evaluation research that determines the needs of some population that will be met by a social program
  2. Evaluability Assessment- Evaluation research that determines if it is possible to determine a programs impacts
  3. Process Evaluation- Evaluates the process of service delivery
  4. Impact Analysis- Answers the question “Did the program work”
  5. Efficiency Analysis- Evaluation research that compares program costs with program effects
22
Q

Define Subjective and Objective Observations

A

Subjective- Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions
Objective- Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

23
Q

Define Saturation Point

A

Subject selection ends because new interviews seem to yield little additional information

24
Q

Define Data

A

A collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements, observations or descriptions

25
Q

Define Unobtrusive Measures

A

Measures based on physical traces or other data that are collected without the knowledge or participation of the individuals that generated the data

26
Q

Define Historical and Comparative Measures

A

Historical Measures- Research methods that aim to improve our understanding of current social processes by comparing them to those in other times
Comparative Measures- Research methods that aim to improve our understanding of current social processes by comparing them to those in other places

27
Q

Define Stakeholders

A

Individuals and groups who have some basis of concern with the program

28
Q

Define Stakeholders

A

Individuals and groups who have some basis of concern with the program

29
Q

Define Program Processes

A

The treatment delivered by the program

30
Q

Define Outputs

A

Quantifying services delivered

31
Q

Define Outcomes

A

The impact of the program

32
Q

Discuss the differences between qualitative and quantitative research? Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of qualitative research? What things are qualitative methods particularly
well-suited to discover?

A

Qualitative- descriptive
Quantitative- numerical

Differences:

  1. Type of data (Quan- numerical, Qual- descriptive)
  2. Amount of data (Quan- goal is just measurement of variables, Qual- goal is to get rich descriptions
  3. Subjective vs Objective (Quan- objective & not based on feelings, Qual- subjective & based on feelings and opinions)
  4. Approach to causality
  5. Inductive vs Deductive (Quan- deductive, Qual- inductive)

Qualitative advantages:

  • explore new vaguely understood social behaviors
  • rapid reconnaissance in situations where time does not permit more structured analysis
  • understanding important individuals
  • analyzing images
  • understanding historical text

Qualitative disadvantages:

  • questions are obvious or obscure
  • methods are highly subjective
  • results are weakly generalizable
  • cannot establish causality

Suited to cover…:
• Discover important variables
• Develop models and theories
• Uncover causal mechanisms

33
Q

What are the components of the Evaluation Research Model discussed in class? What are the
definitions of each of the components? What would each of these components be if you were
using the model to evaluate an intervention in middle school classrooms aimed at reducing
substance abuse? Who are the stakeholders?

A

Components:

  • Inputs: resources, clients, staff
  • Program Processes: the treatment delivered by the program
  • Outputs: quantifying services delivered
  • Outcomes: the impact of the program
34
Q

What are the components of the Evaluation Research Model discussed in class? What are the
definitions of each of the components? What would each of these components be if you were
using the model to evaluate an intervention in middle school classrooms aimed at reducing
substance abuse? Who are the stakeholders?

A

Components:

  • Inputs: resources, clients, staff
  • Program Processes: the treatment delivered by the program
  • Outputs: quantifying services delivered
  • Outcomes: the impact of the program

Stakeholders: Individuals and groups who have some basis of concern with the program

Research Methods (2 decks)

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