Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
New Kingdom Migration
A
- Transition from a defensive (Second Intermediate Period) to an aggressive, conquering state
- Zones of interest:
- Mediterranean Sea (gateway to Western Europe, North Africa, Cyprus)
- Levant (Both the land route via Sinia peninsula and naval route to Levantine coast)
- Mesopotamia: Connected through trade and diplomacy
- Tons of migration!!!
- Semites moving out of the Arabian Peninsula (Semitic-speaking)
- Subgroups: Hyskos, Amorites
- Indo-European speakrs coming from Northern/Western Europe
- Subgroups:
- Hurrians: Settle in Northern Mesopotamia
-
Hittites: Settle in Anatolia; major competitor for control of the Levant
- Control very large area
- Famous for use of iron and chariot
- Capital: Hattusa (Evidence for tightly controlled imperial system from central record offices, multilingual system and archives, diplomatic letters with Egyptian pharohs showing conflict)
- Adopted the Akkadian language
- Subgroups:
- Semites moving out of the Arabian Peninsula (Semitic-speaking)
2
Q
Uluburun Wreck
A
- One major source of evidence = shipwrecks
- Tells us that there was active economic scene
- Primarily conducted by private merchants
- Incorporates Greece/Cyprus ports (Minoan and Myceneans)
- Included range of material
- Cyprian, Egyptian, and Levantinian (shows interconnection between Egypt, Aegean, and Near East)
- Transportable raw copper in flat copper Oxhide ingots, raw iron, tin, glass ingots, elephant ivory, tortoise shells, woods, incense, Myecenean iron swords, fruits, seals, jewelry, ostrich egg shells, jewelry
- Specific examples:
- Gold Egyptian Scarab of Nefertiti (18th dynasty queen)
-
Cypriot Pottery and Near Eastern Artifacts
- Diptych
3
Q
Late Bronze Age Collapse
A
- New Kingdom = Late Bronze Age
- Hittite empire, civiliations in the Mediterreanean and Near East all collapse
- Egypt invaded by the “sea peoples”
- Hattusa (capital of Hittite empire burned)
4
Q
New Kingdom Characteristics
A
- Dynasties 18-20: The Late Bronze Age in Egypt
- Age of Egyptian imperial ambitions
- Kingly iconography = more war and military focused
- Egypt is reunited under Thebian rulers from 2IP who expel the Hyskos and establishes re-unified rule
- Richest and most powerful Egypt has ever been
-
Pharaoh = role of leader of military
- Images of king as military leader become common (in constrat with older iconography of king that focused on king upholding ma’at and interacting with gods)
- Must prove his fitness to rule as a warrior king
-
Re-organization of the Egyptian government
- New officials, more administrators (overseers of treasury, royal paddle, etc.), mayors, local police force, municipality, provincial governors (Levant)
- Opens up a lot of advancement of Egyptian people to positions of power
- Thebes = power center, administrative center
- Kingly ideology changes
- New militaristic aspect of kingship
- Maintains ma’at through active intervention in the military
- More of a bureaucrat
-
Instrument of the divine instead of embodiment
- Switch from a divine leader (OK, MK) to a man that has priveledged access to the divine but not divine himself
- Priests begin to mediate interaction between the king and divine
- Switch from a divine leader (OK, MK) to a man that has priveledged access to the divine but not divine himself
5
Q
Dynasty 18 Pharaohs
A
- Ahmose: Reunifies Egypt
- Amenhotep I: Don’t know much
- Thutmose 1: Father of Queen Hatshepsut, conquests in Nubia and Palestine, first to use chariot widely, formalized military, first king known to have tomb in Valley of the Kings
- Thutmose II
- Thutmose III (co-regent with Queen Hatshepsut)
- Amenhotep II
- Thutmosis IV
- Amenhotep III = START OF AMARNA PERIOD
- Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)
- Continued….
6
Q
Mortuary Temples of 18th Dynasty
A
- All tombs located on the West Bank in the Valley of the Kings and Queens
- All mortuary temples located on the cultivated river plain below the Valley of the Kings and Queens along the West Bank
- Function of mortuary temple:
- Located across the river from the cult temples because they are ritually connected
-
Perfect Festival of the Wadi:
- Annual festival in which the priests of the Luxor and Karnak cult temples would carry/sail ritual images (barque of Amun-Ra) across the Nile to the mortuary temples along the West Bank
- God (Amun-Ra) in a physical sense is visiting all the mortuary temples; celebration of the dead kings
- From East to West
7
Q
Ramesses II burning incense before the Bark of Amun-Ra Karnak
A
- Evidence of the Perfect Festival of the Wadi
- Platform carrying image of boat topped with shrine
- King (Ramses II = 19th dynasty king) burning incense wearing the blue crown
- King almost always involved, primary worshiper
8
Q
Queen Hatshepsut
A
- Daughter of Thutmose I, wife of Thutmose II, stepmother of Thutmose III
- Co-regent with Thutmose III
- Acknowledges her gender but uses male attributes also
- Statue: Royal beard, nemes headderess with uraeus, feminine-looking face (more delicate and youthful)
- Kneeling statue: Holding nu-jars of oil and wine; in subordinate position offering to gods
9
Q
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
A
- Deir el-Bahari, 18th dynasty
- Adjacent to funerary complex of Mentuhotep II (11th dynasty); imitation because was an admired king
- Prestige project, built to visually impress
- Eventuall modified by successor Thutmose III
10
Q
Plan of Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
A
- Series of axial terraces with colonnades connected by ramps
- Lower terrace = First court planted with trees
- Solid walls behind the colonnades are all decorated with painted relief carvings
- Expedition to Punt + Divine Birth of Hathepsut
- Third terrace (upper colonnade) = colonnaded courtyard open to the sun surrounded by images of Hatshepsut in the form of mummiform Osiris
- Sanctuary = destination of sacred boat and statue used in Wadi festival
11
Q
Expedition to Punt, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
A
- Located on South Side of back wall of middle colonnade of the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut
- Images of expeditions to Punt (sponsored by Hatshepsut, trading partner)
- Theme = Egyptian domination over foreigners/exploitation of resources
- Inhabitants of Punt submitting to the demands of the Egyptians
- Products of land being brought back to Egypt
12
Q
Divine Birth of Hatshepsut relief, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
A
- Located on the north side of the back wall of the middle colonnade
- Presentation of the child Hatshepsut to the gods (finger in mouth)
- Justifying her rule the same way male kings do/legitimizing her rule and support from Amun-Ra
- Cartouche and image of Hatshepsut as a child later destroyed by Thutmose III
13
Q
Statuary of Hatshepsut
A
- Clearly feminine but also male attributes (royal beard)
- Enthroned statues, Sphinx statues
- Damnatio memoriae: Thutmose III ritually smashes all statues
- The only way to de-activate iconographic images is to destroy them
- Cracks in the statues
- All images of Hatshepsut are replaced with images of Thutmose III
- All images of her in relief carvings are chiseled away
14
Q
Amun Temple of Thutmose III and Mortuary Temple of Thutmose III at Sheik Abd el-Gurna
A
- Thutmose III built his own temple right behind the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut in an attempt to reclaim his right to rule
- Tried to make his temple the final destination for the festival of the Wadi
- Second mortuary temple of Thutmose III at Sheik Abd el-Gurna
- Shrine in back = destination where visiting bark of Amun is placed
- Currently being excavated
15
Q
Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III at Kom el-Heitan
A
- Amenhotep III = imperialist, diplomacy height, lots of trade connections
- Largest mortuary temple on the West Bank
- Plan:
- Mudbrick enclosure wall
- Series of massive pylons meant to look like mountains
-
Colossi of Memnon
- Seated in front of pylon
- Sits on a throne with semy-tawy symbol
- Subsidiary statues of royal women (Tiy = wife and mother) on either side (new feature of New Kingdom) = symbol of support
- Name given by greeks later on due to similarity of throne name
- Sculptural field behind pylons (lots of fragmentary pieces of Sekhmet, foddess of war)
- Additional temple of Ptah-Sar-Okrisi
- Excavation restricted to central strip; most is under active cultivated fields
16
Q
The Amarna Period
A
-
Amenhotep IV succeeds his father, Amenhotep III
- Completey changes political and religious Egyptian practice
- Radical figure of heresy
- Changes his name to Akhenaten
- Produces new cult system for the Aten
- Abolishes state cult and all priesthoods of Amun
- The Aten: Depicted as a non-anthropomorphic sun disk with rays coming off of it that end with little tiny hands
- Aten religion removes the role of the priests
- The only individual who is able to worship the Aten directly is the king
- Other Egyptians rely on the king as the intercessor beteween Aten and the world of the living
- King = divine living manifestation of the deity, so he should be worshiped by the people
- The priests of Amun were extremely powerful
17
Q
The Royal Family Plaque from Amarna
A
- 18th dynasty
- The Aten’s hands holding the ankh to Akhenaten and his wife, Nefertiti
- New feature of Amarna: Naturally relaxed family scene (no posing, showing motion, cuddling 3 daughters)
- King is embodiment of the Aten, but the family is also divine by proximity
-
Stylistic departures:
- Lack of musculature
- Feminine swelling hips and curvaceous things
- Drooping stomach
- Extremely long and narrow neck/face
- Tightly contrained clothing
- Sharp, high cheekbones
- **Family is shown with less extreme stylistic departures compared to king
18
Q
Aten Temple at Karnak
A
- Built right in the middle of the Amun precinct to make a radical statement about the new god Aten
- Built in year 1 or 2 of Akhenaten’s reign
- Colonnaded court with colossal statues of the king that once stood in front of the pillars
- Interior walls of the colonnade were decorated with painted relief scenes showing the king celebrating a sed-festival (unusual so early on and unusual to be celebrated by the Aten as the recipient of the festival)
19
Q
Colossi of Akhenaten from Aten shrine at Karnak
A
- Stylistic departures:
- Lack of musculature
- Feminine swelling hips and curvaceous thighs
- Narrow waist
- Extremely long and narrow face
- Head, shoulders, and hands are small proportionally
- Drooping stomach
- Sharp, high cheekbones
- Clothing is very tightly restrained to draw attention to hips
- No genitalia outline
- Extraordinarily long neck
- Combines traits of both the female and male body. Why?
- The Aten is androgynous; combines all aspects of creation
- Combination of gender is a visual symbol of the unity of the Aten
- King in his physical self posesses all attributes of the Aten
- Regalia (beard, Nemes’ headdress, crook and flail), arms in Osirid position, and cartouche (on stomach) remains the same
20
Q
Family Panel from the Royal Tomb at Amarna
A
- 18th dynasty
- King Akhenaten and his consort Nefertiti with their two daughters offering flowers to the Aten
- Aten is holding ankh signs to the noses of the king and queen
- Stylistic differences of Amarna period: Long faces and necks, narrow shoulders, short upper torsis, large thighs, and spindly limbs
21
Q
Bust of Nefertiti
A
- Amarna Period from Akentaten/Amarna
- Same stylistic differences we see in images of the king but in female form (high cheekbones, narrow face, elongated neck)
- Served as a template model for other images in a sculptor’s workshop
22
Q
Akhetaten/Amarna
A
- New capital for regime under Akhenaten
- Emphasizes break with older regime in Thebes
- Abandoned as soon as he dies
- Administrative, archive buildings, and temples devoted to worship of Aten
-
Outdoor courtyards = main cult activity (versus restricted space in back of temple before)
- Emphasis on outdoor ceremonial practices for physical connection to solar deity
- Only king and his family could take part in cult practice
- Includes:
- The Great Aten Temple: architectural elements placed different (couryards, altars to reflect new cult differences)
- Houses of Amarna: Series of conjoined villages with lots of houses; usually 2 stories with courtyard where they cook, small religious spaces
23
Q
Tombs of Amarna
A
- Eastern desrt side: Royal Tomb Cluster (royal family) and South Tombs (for officials)
- Emphasis in the east where the sun is birthed/generated (versus Amun emphasis on west whenre sun goes to die)
24
Q
Tomb of Tutankhamun
A
- Excavated under foreign rule = partition (foreign teams allowed to keep half of the material); during time of Egyptian nationalist movement
- Co-opted from tomb of a minor royal person because he died suddenly; does not show elaboration of decoration of other tombs
- Sponsored by Lord Carnarvon
- Structure (must know!):
- Antechamber: Random confiugration of items including disassembled ceremonial chariots, beds, chests with linens, Golden throne of Tutankhamun, stools, and other furniture
25
Q
Throne of Tutankhamun
A
- Tutankhamun’s wife, Anaksunamun, applying oil to his skin
- Sun disk of the Aten reaches down with hands –> tells us that this throne was created before the abolition of the Aten
- Tutankhaten eventually corrected his name to Tutankhamun on the front
- Chair edited to reflect changes he made in his lifetime
26
Q
North Wall of the Burial Chamber at Tomb of Tutankhamun
A
- Burial chamber was the only decorated part
- Shows the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony
- Ay (his successor) in leopard skin performing the opening of the mouth ceremony on Tut’s mummy
- Tut before the goddess Nut
- Tut and his ka embracing a figure of Osiris
- Still shows some Amarna features
- Pronounced belly
- Crescent-shaped navel
- Large buttocks and short lower legs
- Less detail than normal and no registers (done in a rush)
- Theme: Tut’s journey through the afterlife
27
Q
Coffin of Tutankhamun
A
- Outer coffin = gold foil + wood
- Most inner coffin made out of solid gold and contains the body
- Inlaid stones (lapus lazuli)
- Molded kingly regalia
- All images related to protection of the king’s body inside
- Gold associated with immortality
28
Q
Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun
A
- Laid over the mummy itself
- Deeply symbolic:
- Blue (lapis lazuli) = rebirth
- Gold skin = rebirth (sun)
- Cobra and vulture on forehead symbolize 2 lands of Egypt
- Horus falcon on shoulders
- Cloisonne technique/ivory eyes/linen wrapped/woven flower collar
29
Q
Treasury Room of Tomb of Tutankhamun
A
- Contains funerary cult equipment
- Doorway found below sarcophagus
- Canopic shrine = Golden wooden box despigned to protect canopic alabaster hars holding viscera
- Cult image of Anubis wrapped in a blanket
- Boat models
30
Q
Mummification
A
-
Tripartite Soul
- Ka = Specific personality, life energy (head of person + body of bird)
- Ba = Piece of soul that moves between the soul and the world of the living (also head of person + body of bird)
- Akh = the “luminous dead”; what you become in the afterlife
- 18th and 19th dynasties = best evidence of mummifcation because all were buried in Thebes
- Process of mummification:
- Removal of organs and ritualized washing/cleaning of body cavities (i.e. hooking the brain)
- Treatment with resins and aromatic oils (antibiotic properties for preservation)
- Body packed in natron (naturally occuring types of salts occuring in Wadi Natrun) for prescribed number of days –> dessicates the body
- If high status, wrapped with resin-soaked linen (royals usually)
- Amulets inserted into the wrapping (in prescribed locations on key parts of the body; gold, stone, clay)
- Inserted into a specifically-made wooden coffin of varying quality
- Takes 70 days in total
31
Q
DB 320 Royal Mummy Cache
A
- Small rock-cut tomb with more than 40 royal mummies
- Mummy cache = storeroom for mummies that have been removed from original tomb; around the fall of the New Kingdom, many of the royal tombs on the West Bank were systemically opened by decree to take out precious materials
32
Q
Illustration of the Mummification Process
A
- Found on the coffin
- TOP: Deceased lying on table with priests cleaning the body, being annointed with oil, and an Anubis priest performing rituals over the body to activate its ka and ba
- BOTTOM: Bald priests wrapping the mummy with stips of linen; implements hanging on the wall (workshop)
33
Q
18th Dynasty: Classic phase of mummification
A
Characteristics:
- Lots and lots of use of resin and linen (wealthy time)
- Removal of brain through the nose
- Evisceration of all organs except the heart
- Prepared and wrapped into canopic jars
- Body cavity washed and packed with linen and incense
- Body covered with natron
- Cosmetic attention paid to the body
- Ritual wrapping with added amulets
34
Q
Cult Temples in the New Kingdom
A
- Patronage of the pharaoh of the temples was both pious act and political act
- Builds up support among priests = powerful new group (political negotiation)
- Support and protection from both the gods and priests
- Focus of cult observances by king and priests
- NO mortuary aspect
- Thebes:
- East Bank: Temples of Amun at Luxor and Karnak
- Built as residences for the gods, especially Amun
- Very wealthy institutions
35
Q
Sety 1 Offering Ma’at to Amun-Ra, Hypostyle Hall at Karnak Temple
A
- Hypostyle Hall of Karnak Temple
- Shows the king Sety I (19th dynasty) kneeling and offering Ma’at (feather woman) to god Amun-Ra (double headdress) who in turn gives his favor to the king
- Hypostyle hall = king is in constant interaction with a range of deities
- Highlights king’s role as chief worshiper of the deity and his role in ensuring cosmic balance
- Temples built to house these interactions between the god and the king
38
Q
Temple of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu at Luxor
A
- TRIAD:
- Amun = primary deity
- Mut = his female goddess consort (sky goddess)
- Khonsu = their son (god of the moon)
- Layout:
- Long, narrow building
- Oriented N (pylons) to S (shrine of Amun)
-
Pylon entrance = gateway made of wedge-shapped wall; representative of the mountains of the Western desert)
- Would often contain important statements about kingly power, images of conflict, war narratives (“billboard”)
- Colossal images of the pharaoh and obelisks in front of pylon
- Processional axis that unites entire temple (each color is addition made by different pharaoh)
- Peristyle court = open-air courtyards ringed with columns and covered walkways for the worship of the sun
- Colonnade = Long and narrow, roofed dark space in constrast with brightness of peristyle court
- Another peristyle sun court
-
Hypostyle hall:
- Short hallway with a forest of columns with capitals in the shape of lotus blossoms and papyrus plants
- Representative of vegetation
- Symbolizes the primordial swamp out of which life emerges
-
Sanctuary:
- Includes Bark Shrine and Shrine of Amun
- Surrounded by small cult rooms (treasury rooms)
- Built on higher ground = symbol of earth that emerged at the beginning of time; represents sun god on the mound of creation
- Avenue of the Sphinxes: Paved road before pylon that connects Luxor Temple and Karnak Temple for the Opet Festival
39
Q
Temple of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu at Luxor (real images)
A
40
Q
First Pylon of Rameses II + Colossal Statue of Rameses II
A
- Temple of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu at Luxor Temple
- Sema-tawy on side of colossal throne
- Flanked by subsidiary figures on side of legs (sign of womanly support)
41
Q
Hypostyle Hall at Amun, Mut, and Khonsu Temple at Luxor
A
- Representative of the primordial swamp of creation
- Lotus and papyri capitals
- “Forest” of columns
- Elevated below the sanctuary because sanctuary was representative of the rising mound of creation
42
Q
Processional Colonnade at the Amun, Mut, and Khonsu Temple at Luxor
A
- Would have been roofed in antiquity
- Contrast between brightness of peristyle court and darkness of colonnade
43
Q
Avenue of Sphinxes
A
- Paved road that connects Luxor Temple at Karnak Temple for the procession of the barque of Amun-Ra during the Opet festival
44
Q
The Karnak Temple
A
- Primary residence of the image of Amun
- Many precincts (3):
- Central precinct for Temple of Amun and Khonsu
- Second precinct for Temple of Mut
- Third precinct for Temple of Montu
- Central precinct to Amun: PICTURED
- Oriented E-W (different than Luxor)
- Pylon faces to the west = rising of the sun
- Central line of buildings similar to Luxor
- Oriented E-W (different than Luxor)
- WAY more complicated version of Luxor
- Very elaborate and bright color decorations
- All colossal statues were brightly painted + red flags everywhere
- Added on by many, many pharaohs (see colors)
46
Q
Hypostyle Hall of the Karnak Temple
A
- Shows color preservation
- Bright blue paint with starry cielings
47
Q
Malqata King’s Palace: Palace of Amenhotep III at Malqata
A
- Elements resembled temples: courtyards, columned halls, hypostyle hall that leads up to throne on raised platform called a dais
- Also a microcosm
- Enthroned king is equivalent of a divine cult statue
- Includes residential quarters and ceremonial areas that were used during the performance of the sed-festival
- Location to give formal audience to his oficials, recption of foreign delegations and announcement of decisions
48
Q
Hypostyle Hall at the Malqata King’s Palace of Amenhotep III
A
- Part of the palace’s microcosm
- Primaeval swamp represntation
49
Q
Reconstruction of the royal kiosk at Malqata
A
- Placed on raised platform (dais) to represent mound of creation; associate the king with the creator
50
Q
Scene from the Tomb of Anen (second priest of Amun at Thebes) showing Amenhotep III and his principal wife, Tiy, entrhoned
A
- King and wife seated in kiosk on a throne dais in the palace; central audience chamber
- Throne deorated with kneeling images of bound foreigners linked together by lotus ad papyrus (alternating southern and northern foreigners)
- Emphasis on the king as the maintainer of order
- Gold = solar apsect of the king as the eartly manifestation of the sun god
51
Q
Valley of the Kings and Queens
A
- Series of wadis (dry river beds)
- Tombs are cut and tunneled into the living rock of the wadi
- In the 18th dynasty, they privileged the easiest locations at the base. Later on, they started scaffolding and building tombs higher, so robbing would be more difficult.
- Important: The mortuary temple and tomb itself are located in separate locations. Both on the West Bank of Thebes.
- Tomb = Valley of Kings and Queens
- Mortuary temple = Closer to the Nile/cultivation
- Tombs mapped with the Theban Mapping Project
53
Q
The Book of Amduat tomb decoration
A
- On the walls of the pillared hall of the Tomb of Amenhotep II (18th)
- Book of Amduat = one of the versions of the Books of the Dead
- Deceased king being assimlated to Osiris
- Prayers and spells to instruct deceased on successful passage into the afterlife
54
Q
Tomb of Thutmosis IV
A
- THE example of 18th dynasty tombs
- Dog-axis (aka bent axis) plan
- Typical of 18th dynasty tombs:
- Descending passageways with stairs to the well shaft
- Limited wall painting (only 2)
- Scene of Adoration of the gods in chamber 1
55
Q
Scene of Adoration of the gods
A
- Found in Chamber 1 of the Tomb of Thutmosis IV
- Deceased adoring the gods (step to ensuring safe afterlife), from Books of the Dead
56
Q
Throne from Tomb of Thutmosis IV
A
- Found in subsidary chamber of Thutmosis IV
- Shows king in form of Sphinx trampling enemies
57
Q
Tomb of Sety I (KV 17)
A
- Example of 19th dynasty royal tomb
- Much more complex than Thutmose IV tomb (18th dynasty royal tomb)
- Straight axis (typical of 19th and 20th century royal tombs)
- Additions: Second columned hall, each of which are highly decorated with wall paintings
- Unique feature: Tunnel which leads out of the back of the burial chamber into the rock
- Body of Sety I was part of royal cache because this tomb was systematically looted with royal permission later on
58
Q
The forms of Ra, from Litany of Ra, Tomb of Sety I
A
- Focus of the Tomb of Sety 1 = assimlation of deceased with sun god; journey of the sun through the underworld
- Litany of Ra = underworld text dealing with the merging of Ra and Osiris at night in the underworld
- List of the names of Ra (each column is a manifestation and name of the god Ra)
59
Q
Sety with Hathor decorations in Tomb of Sety I, Dynasty 19
A
- 19th dynasty royal tomb
- Right: Sety I and Hathor holding hands; Sety is taking the necklace (symbolic of rebirth), so Hathor is giving him life
- Left: Unfinished painting of Hathor holding out ankh sign to Sety’s nose
- Initial outlines used system of black and red ink to show which colors go where
60
Q
Sarcophagus of Sety I
A
- Made of alabaster, a very precious material
- Covered with texts from the Books of the Dead (specifically Book of Gates) just like the tomb walls
61
Q
Temple of Sety I at Qurna
A
- Ramesside Mortuary Temple
- First mortuary temple built; “template” for rest of 19th and 20th dynasty mortuary temples
- Imitates cult temples = pylons, hypostyle hall, courtyards, interior sacred sanctuary
- New elements:
- Royal palace = mini version of king’s palace that his ka can use
- Magazines = storage areas for goods (all the material that is owned and controlled by priests of the cult temple; mortuary temples = economic centers –> expanding economic role of priests)
62
Q
Funerary Temple of Sety I at Abydos
A
- Ramesside Mortuary Temple (19th dynasty)
- His second, better preserved mortuary temple
- Same function: Mortuary cult
- Site of Abydos –> association with Osiris whereas the one at Qurna more associate diwth solar god
- Built in 2 stages:
- Two of the forecourts later added by Ramses II (his son)
- Whole series of chapels at the back dedicated to different deities
- Archive wing = location of kings list (canonical list of admirable kings)
- Like 19th dynasty mortuary temples:
- Imitated contemporary cult temple (hypostyle halls, courtyards
- Standard inclusions: Royal palace and magazines
63
Q
Relief in the Chapel of King Sety I in the Funerary Temple of King Sety I at Abydos
A
- King Sety I entrheoned between the godesses Nekhbet and Wadjit (same symbol of womanly support we see in the Old Kingdom) above a triple sema-tawy motif ties by the gods Thoth and Horus
- Confirms him as the ruler of the two parts of Egypt/unifier of Egypt
64
Q
Ramesseum
A
- Built by Rameses II “The Great”
- Located on the West Bank of Nile River in Thebes
- Claims to have conquered Hittites
- Decoration emphasizes battle scenes against the Hittite Empire
- Ex: First Pylon of South Wing –> Battle of Kadesh
- Kingly power portrayed as military success
- Emphasis of pharaoh as military leader
- Famous as the location for The Colossus of Rameses II
- Osirid courtyard with colossal images of the god as Osiris
65
Q
The Colossus of Rameses II
A
- Colossal seated statue of Ramses II right after the first pylon in the first courtyard (first thing you see)
- Carved from single block of aswan granite = monolithic; over 20 meters high
67
Q
Battle of Kadesh scene, First Pylon (South Wing) of Ramesseum
A
- Battle of Kadesh = famous battle against Hittite Empire (main competitor of the Levant)
- Tumultuous scene of king charging into mass of enemies in his chariot
- Rameses II’s most important achievment
- Emphasis of pharaoh as military ruler
68
Q
Battle of Kadesh scene (North Wing) of First Pylon of Ramesseum
A
- King (Rameses II) as largest, dominant figure enthroned where he is receiving defeated enemies (Hittites) asking for mercy (raised hand gesture)
- Emphasis of king as military ruler
69
Q
Tomb of Nefertari (wife of Rameses II)
A
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New feature of 19th/20th dynasty: Elaborate tombs for queens
- Located in the Valley of the Queens in the West Bank
- Long double-entrance passageway that opens into 3-part chamber; burial chamber with multiple pillars and subsidary rooms
- Rooms 3 and 4: Highly decorated with images of the queen’s passage into the afterlife
- Highly decorated pillared funerary chamber
70
Q
Tomb of Nefertari, view of rooms 3 and 4
A
- Plastered walls with gypsum plaster and painted over
- New intricacy of a queen’s tomb
- Entrance to tomb lies to the right
- Reason why Osiris and Anubis are looking to the right (entrance of the underworld)
- Left: Scarab-headed deity Khepri
- Right: Falcon-headed sun god Ra-Horakhty
- Back: Osiris (in support of assimilation with Osiris in the underworld)
- Overall: Queen’s passage into the afterlife from the Books of the Dead
- Cult of queen likely conducted in the Ramesseum (her husband’s funerary temple)
71
Q
Pillared Funerary Chamber, Tomb of Nefertari
A
- Plastered walls highly decorated with Books of the Dead showing the queen’s passage into the afterlife/journey through the underworld
- Shows her encountering gods to give her assitance through underworld: goddess (Hathor? maybe) giving her “life” with the ankh sign
- Vulture headdress = sign of 19th and 20th dynasty queen
72
Q
Tomb of Rameses III, 20th Dynasty
A
- Located in the Valley of the Kings
- Straight axial plan with many chambers and passageways
- Highly decorated with Books of the Dead
73
Q
Medinet Habu (mortuary temple of Rameses III)
A
- 20th dynasty mortuary temple
- Still located along West Bank
- Not a lot of changes:
- High first pylon (“billboard” of smiting scene against Sea Peoples), 2 courtyards, royal palace for ka, many magazines
- Outer Walls (of rest of temple) show the king’s campaigns against Nubians, Libyans, and Sea Peoples
74
Q
Outer Face of First Pylon at Medinet Habu (Rameses III Mortuary Temple)
A
- Rameses III = famous for his successful fight against the “Sea Peoples”
- Decorated with images of the smiting king grabbing bundles of hair of person attached to series of enemies
- Under feet = rows of kneeling prisoners with arms behind back and distinctive cloth stle
- Outer Walls (of rest of temple) show the king’s campaigns against Nubians, Libyans, and Sea Peoples
- Continued emphasis of pharaoh as a military ruler
75
Q
Ramses II Changes to Karnak Temple (war scenes on hypostyle hall)
A
- Same iconography of funerary temples in cult temples now
- Later addition (Ramses II =19th dynasty king), many additions to Karnak temple
77
Q
Great Temple at Abu Simbel
A
- 19th dynasty cult temple
- Located in the most southern region of Europe (“gateway temple” to land of Nubia; strategically placed to monitor traffic and assert Egyptian power in the frontier zone)
- Both the Great and Small Temple built by Rameses II
- Rock-cut temple
- Frontal facade
- 4 colossal statues of Rameses II (maximum visibility)
- Above entrance door = two relief-cut figures of the king offering Ma’at to Ra-Horakhty in a niche
- New feature: Images of Ramses II worshiping/giving cult to deified images of himself –> uncharted territory in his assertion of divinity
Small Temple at Abu Simbel = same features (rock-cut, colossal images); made for Rameses II’s principal wife Nefertari
79
Q
Funerary Banquet in Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th dynasty
A
- Wall painting = new investment in non-royal tombs
- Example of new additions to 18th dynasty non-royal tombs
- Shows a series of funerary celebration (diners, female muscicians, entertainers)
- Two women dancing nude in ritualized way (special wigs and loin cloth)
- Evidence that professional troupes of dancers and musicians were hired to celebrate life of the deceased
- Once a year at Thebes, during the Festival of the Wadi, the living crossed from the east bank to the west to visit the tombs of their relatives and to eat a commemorative meal there
81
Q
Weighing of the Heart Scene: Tomb of Neferrenpet, Thebes, 19th Dynasty
A
- Central scene in all Books of the Dead
- Critical moment when heart of deceased is weighed before the god Osiris
- Weighed against the feather of Ma’at
- If the heart is heavier, they remove the heart and feed it to a monster (no afterlife)
- If balanced with Ma’at, you move to blessed aftelife in unitiy with sun and Osiris
- Must approach this process with knowledge (provided by the Books of the Dead) or it could be very dangerous
- Supports new idea that people can actually intervene to change fate of the deceased
82
Q
Deir el-Medina, Thebes
A
- Town in Thebes “place of the city” located just over the ridge from Valley of the Kings and Queens
- Village occupied by the craftsmen responsible for painting and carving royal tombs
- Craftsmen of Valley of Kings/Queens = elite artisans with a more elevated life than average villagers
- Status dependent on skillset
- People living there had unusual level of literacy (personal family archives in household
- Houses:
- Single-story, mudbrick with stone elements, neighborhoods
- Courtyards in back for cooking
- Rooftops for sleeping/living space
- Household-level cult = evidence of small shrines for small-scale objects; used for ill family members; centered around health and well-being of the family
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Necropolis = cemetary that serves artisan community
- Tombs are modest (subterranean element + chapel above ground)
83
Q
Tomb of Sennedjem
A
- 19th dynasty private tomb
- Located in the Necroplis of Deir el-Medina
- Plan:
- Perimeter mud-brick wall + miniature pylons + courtyard + mud-brick baby pyramid
- Tells us that everyday people are making choices different than royal tombs and engaging older tomb forms
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High-quality interior painting because completed by royal artisans of the community
- Barrel-vaulted chamber concentration of painting
- Books of the Dead mostly + few provisioning scenes
