Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Late Old Kingdom Pyramids (5-6th Dynasties)
A
- Move back down South to the Saqqara area
- Different features:
- No discrete mortuary temple
- Oriented N-S
- Causeway does not connect the same elements
- Temple Estates: Land that is owned by the temple supports the mortuary cult
- Magazines: Placecs where excess material from temple estates is stored or cult equipment is kept
- Function = House the dead king’s cult
- Each temple is divided into 2 parts by a central transvere corridor: (1) the long hall and open court and the (2) statue chapels, intervening rooms, and offering chamber
- Statue of king was placed in middle of the open court with an altar for the presentation of offerings in the north-west corner
- Inner part of the temple stood statues showing different forms of the king
2
Q
Pyramid of Userkaf
A
- Saqqara, 5th Dynasty
- Example of Late Old Kingdom Pyramid
- Mortuary temple to the South and connected to other elements rather than being a discrete building
- Queen’s Pyramid = standard now in Late Old Kingdom
3
Q
Pyramid of Sahura
A
- Abusir, 5th Dynasty
- Example of Late Old Kingdom Pyramid
- Very large mortuary temple to the South of the pyramid
- Columned open court
- Includes store rooms with lots of materials stored in jars/bag
- A lot of walls are still standing
4
Q
Wall of Mortuary Temple at the Pyramid of Sahura
A
- Abusir, 5th Dynasty
- Subject matter: Shows the Egyptian deities presenting captives to the kings; hairstyles mark the captives as non-Egyptian; symbol of support from the gods; King = conqueror of all enemies of Egypt
- Deities drawn on a larger scale than the foreigners and stand in a separate register above; captives hold ropes attached to gods
- Themes of other walls:
- King as establisher of order (maintainer of Ma’at)
- Legitimation and renewal of kingship (sed festival)
- Provisioning the dead king
5
Q
Abusir Papyrus
A
- From Pyramid of Sahura, Abusir, 5th Dynasty
- Found collection of documents in mortuary temple trash dumps
- Temple records associated with cult (daily schedules for rituals, cost of feeding the priests, income from temple estates, number of dedications, calendars of what priests serve, information about training of priesthood)
- Tells us that the cult of Sahura went on for more than 100 years after his death
- Hieratic script
6
Q
Pyramid of Unas
A
- Saqqara, 5th Dynasty
- Pyramid small compared to other elements (typical; transition from colossal Giza pyramids)
- Elaborate entrance way
- Special because of the decoration of the antechamber and burial chamber (Pyramid Texts)
7
Q
Pyramid Texts at Pyramid of Unas
A
- Saqqara, 5th Dynasty
- Panels of long running bands of hieroglyps that cover the entire wall; run all the way to the cieling and change at the roofline
- Cieling = netting of stars
- Pyramid Texts: 283 separate and distinct spells for protecting the king in his transformation to the afterlife
- In his burial chamber to protect the king from all sides
- Physical manifestation of the spells that they have always verbalized over the body of the dead king
- Belief that by writing them down, it makes them powerful for eternity; constant source of protection for the king
8
Q
Sun Temple of Nyuserra
A
- Abusir, 5th Dynasty
- Sun temple = new type of pyramid that develops in the 5th and 6th dynasty
- Distinctly 5th/6th dynasties
- Dedicated to Ra
- Earliest example of royally sponsored cult temples (religious building dedicated to the worship of a deity, not a mortuary cult)
- Textual information from objects found at these temples suggest that temple ceremonies are key to solar cycle and cyling of the seasons
- Evidence for a “valley temple”, causeway, large plaza surrounded by a wall, altar in front of obelisk
- Ben-ben stone from pyramid of Amenemhat used to make capstone that goes on top of obelisk with image associated with Ra
- Sed festival chapel
9
Q
Statuette of Pepy II
A
- 6th dynasty
- Calcite statue, small
- White crown, Horus falcon, wrap- aroundsed festival robe, holding the crook and the flail
- Side of throne = intertwined lotus and papyrus (King of the 2 lands)
- Used for cult rituals
- Back: Serekh containing Horus name
10
Q
Tomb of Ti
A
- Saqqara, 5th Dynasty
- Elite tombs in the 5th/6th dynasty continue to be buried in mastabas, but get larger and elaborate (many more rooms and decorations)
- Ti = overseer of the Sun Temple, key priest
- Multi-chambered, multiple passageways, subterranean burial chamber
- All chambers decorated with carved, brightly-painted reliefs
- Surrounded by servants
- Daily life scenes (hunting, cultivation, plowing)
- Scenes of things that his servants ill do in afterlife
11
Q
Tomb of Ti Wall Decorations
A
- Saqqara, 5th Dynasty
- Images of Ti surrounded by his servants servicing and provisioning him
- Plowing, animal husbandry, hippopoatamus hunt
12
Q
Tomb of Weni the Elder
A
- Abydos, 6th Dynasty
- Elite tomb (court official)
- Presentation that his beloved
- Becoming increasingly possible for elite to present themelve as really powerful (sign that power is starting to decentralize)
13
Q
Serdab statue of Nenkheftka
A
- 5th Dynasty
14
Q
Brewer Statuettes
A
- 5th Dynasty
- Servant statuettes start to appear in tombs of all elite tombs
- 3-dimensional representations that servants will work for you in the afterlife; even if you did no have money in real life, it can be aspirational
15
Q
Seated Scribe
A
- Saqqara, 5th Dynasty
- Traditional seated pose of scribe hold a scroll
- Shows signs of prestige (chunky because he did not labor)
- Indicates that status was important in afterlife
16
Q
Egyptian Creation Myth
A
- Associated with religious site of Heliopolis
- Illustrates constructs of gender as key aspect of the way Egyptians understood
- Duality (binary) embedded in myth
- Before there was life, there was a watery abyss Nu. Nu is the force out of which emerges the first being called Atum, the Sun God (flower blooming or egg hatching, life from nothing). From Atum, gender duality emerges. Atum actually creates male and female deities by masturbating and swallowing own semen to impregnate himself. Single male force generates 2 genders. Produces god and goddess Shu and Tefnut (air/celestial).
17
Q
First Intermediate Period (7th to early 11th dynasty)
A
- Old Kingdom ends with Pepy II:
- Conflict over succesion
- Overstretched resources
- Decentralization of power: Higher officials start to accumulate power which eventually leads individuals to carve out spheres of influence that challenge the authority of the king.
- Period of political instability and significant social streses (multiple years of low Nile floods, famine, belief that King no longer has support of the gods, increased population)
- 7th-8th Dynasty: 18 kings; chaotic period; all of the pharaohs consider themselves “the pharaoh” (incarnation of Horus); over time they consolidate into 2 competing capitals
- Two Capitals:
- Herakleopolis (North) = King of the Delta
- 9th and 10th dynasty
- Thebes (South) = King of Upper Egypt
- 11th
- Herakleopolis (North) = King of the Delta
- Material culture: Regional differences; local artists develop different styles; no major monuments
18
Q
Rock cut tombs at Nag ed-Der
A
- Nag ed-Der = Upper Egypt around Thebes
- Elite cemeteries that shows us the more limited sphere of artistic expression that is available to people with wealth and power
- Rock-cut tombs replace free-standing mastabas
- Modest
- Cut back into the rock of cliffs into a tomb chapel on top of a burial shaft
19
Q
Stele of Setnet-Inheret, Priestess of Hathor
A
- Nag ed-Der
- Upper Egyptian style stela from First Intermediate Period (see stele of Inhurnakft for more details on FIP stela style)
20
Q
Stele of Inhurnakht
A
- Nag ed-Der, First Intermediate Period
- Example of typical Stela from Naga ed-Der
- New anatomy (typical of these stelaes):
- Huge eyes (take up half of the face)
- No musculature
- Long limbs
- Wide shoulders
- Horizontal lines of text at top containing an offering formula (text-heavy)
- Break Old Kingdom tradition of deceased sitting before offerings; always walking
- Man is usually always holding a staff; woman is never striding in the same way as man because her feet are more close together and stationary (sign of subordinance)
- Colored frame encircles the whole panel
- A lot more vibrant color
21
Q
Cartonnage Masks
A
- First Intermediate Period, Sedment (Upper Egypt)
- More interest in producing adornments for body of mummified individual
- Mummification for people of lower status becomes more common
- Modest cartonnage death masks constructed of linen or papyrus covered with paster and painted
- Sedment = non-elite cemetery (everyday people who saved money to create a death mask)
- Function = Stylized, abstract portrait of the deceased in order for ka to find its way to image of the deceeased and for in order to received offerings; image pepetuates afterlife of deceased
- Parallel to stelae in elite tombs (rock-cut tombs)
22
Q
Tomb of Henu
A
- Deir el-Bersha
- First Intermediate Tomb recently excavated
- Middle-class individual in Thebian zone; does not have money for rock-cut burial so he repurposes and Old Kingdom shaft tomb
- Mummy inside lying strategically on side looking at inner wall of coffin to look through outer painted eyes of Horus that allow the ka to see out of the coffin
- Servant figures with extra pair of shoes
- Coffin Texts (see card)
23
Q
Coffin Texts
A
- Long band of hieroglyphic text that runs around entire exterior
- Abbreviated, select spells taken from the same set of prayers and cantations as the Pyramid Texts
- Protection and facilitation into the afterlife
- Example: Coffin of Tjeby, 11th Dynasty
24
Q
Stele of Tjetji from his Tomb
A
- 11th dynasty, Thebes
- Example of pre-unification Theban style
- High official of the King
- Carved in raised relief
- Text-heavy: Whole biography on Tjetji and how he is connected to the Pharaoh
- Anatomy:
- Rounded, tubular limps with no musculature
- Narrow shoulders
- Large, outlined eye (cosmetic)
- Broad nose and lips
- Extremely large ears
- Paddle-like hands (distinctive Thebian style)
- Tummy rolls and flabby breasts
- Tjetji is largest figure with his sons behind him
- Offering formula to the right
25
Q
Statue of Meri
A
- 11th Dynasty, Thebes
-
Pre-unification Thebian style anatomy:
- Extreme size of the eyes
- Heavy outlined eyes (cosmetic line)
- Full lips with a straight part
- Huge ears
- Narrow shoulders
- Tubular limbs
- Flat eyebrows
26
Q
Stele of Maaty
A
- 11th dynasty, Thebes
- Pre-unification Thebian relief style
- Sunken relief
- Anatomy:
- Thebian hands
- Large eyes with small forehead
- Large ears
- Rolls of stomach fat and breasts
- No musculature
- Broad lips and nose
- Geometric organization of hieroglpyhs representing food; never overlap
28
Q
Funerary Complex of Mentuhotep II
A
- 11th dynasty, Deir el-Bahri
- Built on the West Bank = mortuary landscape associted with kings of the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom
- Location-wise and architecturally different than anything
- Contains the Tomb of the Warriors: Secondary tomb (subsidiary) that included about 60 burials of Thebian soldiers that died from some sort of physical trauma
- Way of attesting to his claims of power (no precedent), credit for reunification of Egypt
- Long, narrow structure aligned E-W; back of temple abuts natural clift line on Western side; causeway connected to road that connects to Nile Valley
- Extremely large forecourt surrounded by precinct walls which define sacred area
- Function = Tomb and mortuary cult
-
Bab el-Hasan cache = underground chamber built as part of the complex
- Location where they found statuary cache of 12 statues of Mentuhotep II (Osiris statues of Mentuhotep II)
29
Q
Plan of Funerary Complex of Mentuhotep II
A
1) Bab el-Hasan cache: Underground chamber where they found 12 Mentuhotep statues (Osiris statues); enter from forecourt
2) Lower pillared halls
3) Upper hall
4) Core building
5) Hypostyle
6) Sanctuary/statue niche: Offering space where offerings could be made to the ka statue of the king (very back = most sacred)
31
Q
Osiris Statue of Mentuhotep II
A
- Life-size limestone statues
- Found in Bab al-Hasan cache
- Most were ritually broken or decapitated in the process of killing sacred images (when ancient Egyptians need to dispose of statuary, they would ritually decapitate it)
- Black skin inhabits role of Osiris (black fertile soil of the Nile; representative of Osiris’s role in rebirth and regeneration)
- Blocky style
- Wearing sed-robe festival
32
Q
Statue and head of Mentuhotep II
A
- 11th dynasty, Deir el-Bahari
- Found in Bab al-Hasan cache
- Example of ritually broken objects; can see the decapitation line
- Originally in the forecourt
- Wears red crown of Lower Egypt, divine beard, sed festival robe
33
Q
Relief block of Mentuhotep II
A
- From the ambulatory of the funerary complex of Mentuhotep II
- 11th Dynasty, Deir el-Bahari
- Wearing white crown of Upper Egypt, red skin, royal beard, one-shouldered tunic typical of Middle Kingdom, surrounded by texts (blessings and protective spells that are given to the king)
*
35
Q
Senusret III Head
A
- 12th dynasty
- Example of Middle Kingdom statuary
- Features:
- Eyes are more normal sized
- Huge ears that are pushed forward by the neme’s headdress
- Features are more naturalistic/modeling of the face
- Older depiction with signs of age
- Super long arms
- Later placed in the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari (association with a respected, prestigious king; claiming descent even if not by blood)
36
Q
Portrait of Senusret III
A
- 12th Dynasty
- Features:
- Huge ears pushed forwards
- Drooping, puting mouth
- Signs of age/contouring of the face
- Amulet
- Unrealistic body proportions (long arms)
38
Q
Amenhemat III Head
A
- 12th Dynasty, Aswan
- Typical Middle Kingdom imagery of the king:
- Huge ears pushed forward by neme’s headdress
- Serious look
- Signs of aging (more contouring of the face)
39
Q
Senusret I Pyramid Complex
A
- 12th dynasty, Lisht
- Old school pyramid (a lot different than funerary complex of Mentuhotep II)
- Completely new construction technique with lower quality materials (more economic and requires less effort, but less durable)
- Innovative construction method: Built cross-walls spine and then filled in with rubble between standing walls and lined the exterior with stone
- Central pyramid surrounded by exterior wall that defines the sacred place of the mortuary complex
- Series of subsidiary pyramids (9 total; for family)
- Causeway heavily decorated with standing mummiform Osiris statues of the Senurest I)
- South side: white crown
- North side: red crown
40
Q
Osiris mummiform statue of Senusret I
A
- 12th dynasty, Lisht
- Part of the causeway decoration of the Senusret I Pyramid Complex
- Placed in cut-out niches, 4 on each side
- Mummiform shows assimilation with Osiris
41
Q
Inner Enclosure Wall Panel at Pyramid Complex of Senusret I
A
- 12th dynasty, Lisht
- Carved with outside renderings of the king’s Horus name
- Top = Horus falcon wearing the double crown
- Below the falcon is the serekh with a version of the palace facade
- Bottom: Hapi fecundity figure (combines properties of female and males, represent the fertility of the Nile Valley)
- Fecundity figure proceed in procession around the wall as if they were moving towards the east said as though they were going into the temple
42
Q
Pyramid of Senusret II
A
- 12th dynasty, el-Lahun
- Mud brick pyramid
- Super complicated subterranean structure (designed to trick robbers, well shafts, blocked false passageways)
- Shaft tomb of princess Sit-Hathor-Lunet found untouched
- Grave goods intact: Canopic jars, diadem (crown with uraeus), pectoral of Senusret II
43
Q
Grave Goods of Tomb of Princess Sit-Hathor-Lunet
A
- 12th dynasty, Lahun
- Found in shaft tomb near Pyramid of Senusret II at Lahun
- Diadem: Crown with uraeus (rearing cobra, symbol of goddess Wadjet, protector of lower Egypt)
- Canopic jar
- Pectoral of Senusret II
- Very large piece of flat cloisonne inlaid with precious stone (lapis lauli, turqoise; cartouche with horus falcon on either side)
- Highest quality of jewelry in ancient Egypt during the 12th dynasty, clear royal workshop
44
Q
Pectoral of Amenemhat III from tomb of Princess Mereret
A
- 12th dynasty, Dashur
- Found new Pyramid of Senusret III
- Cloisonne work
- Iconography: Smiting scene, cartouches, claim as royal lineage, protected by Nekhbet’s spread wings (goddess of Upper Egypt)
45
Q
Pyramid of Amenhemat III
A
- Dashur, 12th Dynasty
- Complicated underground structure (trend in Middle Kingdom)
- Used for burial of the king and 2 queens
- Small mortuary temple
- Transition from spending money on what’s underneath the tomb and less effort and expense on the sueprstructure
46
Q
Abydos
A
- Site of the supposed burial of Osiris
- Lower status individuals take advantage of being buried near Osiris
- Becomes a site of pilgrimage for everyday people
- Contains many temples dedicated to Osiris
-
Processional routes would originate in the tomb of Osiris (Umm el-Gaab) and they would carry sacred images of the god to the temple and then back
- Many chapel tombs built across the processional route (image)
47
Q
Stele of Sahathor
A
- 12th dynasty, Abydos
- Located in back of niche at one of the chapels along the processional route in Abydos
- Shows the deceased and family members seated in front of offering table; offering formula for provision
- Block statue
48
Q
Statue of Senebtyfy
A
- 13th dynasty, Abydos
- Could show up in mortuary chapel complexes and in cult temples
- Middle Kingdom features:
- Short, capped wig
- Long stiff garment
- Same features of royal iconography (huge ears, contoured faces)
49
Q
Tomb of Senusret III
A
- One of the few royal burials at Abydos
50
Q
Montu Temple at Medamud
A
- Medamud, 12th dynasty
- Montu = Egyptian falcon god of war
- Built under Senusret III
- Typical of Middle Kingdom temples because it was modified in the New Kingdom
- Mudbrick structure, open courtyard with series of columns running around, monumental gate, inner sanctuary, storage room
- Built-in infrastructure for priests (feature of Middle Kingdom)
*
51
Q
The White Chapel
A
- Karnak, 12th Dynasty
- Karnak = site of Amun-Ra
- Built under Senusret I to honor the god Amun-Ra and the King (sed festival celebrations)
- Centre = stand on which the sacred boat of Amun could be rested during procession
- Pillars decorated with reliefs conisiting of long columns of text at the top, relating to a scene below in which the king ritually interacts with Amun-Ra
52
Q
Panel from the White Chapel
A
- Karnak, 12th dynasty
- Shows the god Atum leading the king to Amun-Ra (probably a statue) and offering him life (ankh sign; breath as expression of life)
- Amun-Ra always wears a double feathered crown
- King is identificable by crown and cartouche
- Ithyphallic = having an erect penis
53
Q
Kahun Worker’s Village
A
- el-Lahun, Dynasty 12
- Adjacent to Pyramid of Senusret II
- Built by the state to house and provision the construction workers of the pyramid
- Centrally planned and executed at the same time
- Grid system with straight streets and houses at right angles (reflection of centralization)
- Population ~ 3000 people
- Mostly everything made of mudbrick
- Includes several large elite houses (“Governor’s palace”) for more important people
- Finds from Kahun: Tools of daily life (wooden implements, bronze tools)
54
Q
“North House” at Kahun
A
- El-Lahun, 12th dynasty
- One of the elite houses in the Kahun Worker’s Village beside the Pyramid of Senusret II
- Location where a lot of papyri with Hieratic script was found
- Kahun medical papyrus = oldest medical text; manuscript for the health of mother and child; administrative records; school books; exercise texts; court cases)
56
Q
Buhen Fortification
A
- Buhen, 12th Dynasty under Senwusret III
- Built to protect trade routes and commercial shipping from Nubians in the South
- Massive mudbrick structure with central residential block with outer barbican walls
- Increasing emphasis on security; used to exert power of the king and central state
