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Organic Chemistry > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe a chain reaction

A

fast and w/ many exothermic steps

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2
Q

a radicle inhibitor does what?

A

creates a stable intermediate

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3
Q

when an inhibitor reacts with a free radicle it the reaction is…

A

slow and endothermic

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4
Q

a lewis acid has 2 other names what are they?

A
  • electron pair acceptor

- electrophile

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5
Q

a lewis base has 2 other names what are they?

A
  • electron pair donor

- nucleophile

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6
Q

a lewis acid has

A

an incomplete octet

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7
Q

a lewis base has

A

an electron pair available for donating

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8
Q

what are the 4 reactive intermediates?

A
  1. carbocation
  2. radicle
  3. carbanion
  4. carbene
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9
Q

describe the carbocation stability

A

3>2>1> methyl

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10
Q

describe inductive effect

A

donation of electron along sigma bonds

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11
Q

describe hyperconjunction

A

overlap of sigma and p orbital

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12
Q

order of stability for free radicles

A

3>2>1> methyl

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13
Q

resonance structures can be used to stabilize both

A
  • radicles

- carbocations

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14
Q

describe carbanions

A

are nucleophilic and basic

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15
Q

describe the stability of carbanions

A

CH3> 1>2>3

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16
Q

a carbanion is a stronger _____ than an amine

A

base

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17
Q

a carbene has both a lone pair and an empty p orbital therefore it can…

A

act as a nucleophile and an electrophile

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18
Q

enantiomers have the same

A
  • boiling/ melting point
  • densities
  • refractive index
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19
Q

enantiomers rotate the plane of polarized light in the

A

same magnitude but in opposite directions

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20
Q

formula for specific rotation

A

[a] = a(observed)/ C*L

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21
Q

formula for optical purity

used when given degrees

A

o.p = (observed rotation)/ (rotation of pure enantiomer) *100%

22
Q

formula for e.e.

A

= (| d-l |)/(d+l) *100%

23
Q

formula for specific rotation formula when given percentages

A

(specific rotation of pure enantiomer) (o.p.)

24
Q

racemic mixtures have..

A

equal proportions of both d and l enantiomers

25
Q

in racemic mixtures there is no

A

optical activity

26
Q

the racemic mixture will have different b.p and m.p from the

A

2 enantiomers that were mixed

27
Q

allenes contain a

A

c=c=c unit

28
Q

what must happen in order for allenes to be chiral?

A

groups at the ends of carbons must be different

29
Q

in Fisher projections what is NOT allowed

A

90 degree turns

30
Q

diastereomers are

A
  • molecules with 2 or more chiral carbons

- stereoisomers that are not mirror images

31
Q

formula for the maximum amount of stereoisomers

A

2^n

32
Q

diastereomers have different

A

physical properties

33
Q

how can enantiomers be separated?

A

turn into diastereomers through chemical resolution

34
Q

describe chemical resolution?

A

react the racemic mixture with a pure chiral compound

35
Q

alkyl halides are

A

halogens directly bonded to a carbon

36
Q

alkyl vinyl are

A

halogens bonded to a carbon with a double bond

37
Q

aryl halides are

A

halogens bonded to a carbon w/ a benzene ring

38
Q

halogens are more ________ than carbon

A

electronegative

39
Q

when a carbon is attacked by a nucleophile the halogen can leave with

A

the electron pair

40
Q

CH2X2 is called

A

methylene HALIDE

41
Q

CHX3 is called

A

HALOform

42
Q

CX4 is a

A

carbon tetraHALIDE

43
Q

what are the 2 types of dihalides?

A

geminal and vicinal

44
Q

geminal halides are

A

two halogens bonded to the same carbon

45
Q

vicinal halides are

A

two halogens bonded to adjacent carbons

46
Q

for halides greater intermolecular forces indicate

A

higher b.p.

47
Q

greater mass in halides indicate…

A

higher b.p.

48
Q

spherical shape in halides decreases

A

boiling point

49
Q

alkyl chlorides/ fluorides with a single carbon are

A

less dense than water

50
Q

alkyl chlorides with 2 or more chlorines are

A

more dense then water

51
Q

alkyl bromides and iodides are

A

more dense than water

52
Q

bromination is highly selective:

A

3>2>1

Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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