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Organic Chemistry > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

when is electron density the highest?

A

at the nucleus

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2
Q

how many p orbitals are there?

A

3

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3
Q

define isotopes

A

atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons

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4
Q

define mass number

A

protons + neutrons

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5
Q

define valence electrons

A

electrons in the outermost shell

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6
Q

what principle states that the lowest energy orbital must be filled first?

A

Aufbau principle

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7
Q

ionic bonding is AKA

A

the transfer of electrons

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8
Q

ionic bonding occurs in…

A

atoms of opposite charge

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9
Q

covalent bonding is AKA

A

the sharing of electrons

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10
Q

describe a nonpolar covalent bond

A

the even sharing of electrons

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11
Q

describe polar covalent bonds

A

the uneven sharing of electrons

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12
Q

electronegativity trend on the periodic table

A

increases from L -> R

increases from bottom to top

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13
Q

C—-H bonds are considered to be

A

nonpolar

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14
Q

formula for formal charges

A

formal charge = [group #] - [nonbonding] - 1/2 [shared]

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15
Q

define a node

A

the midpoint of a wave where amplitude = 0

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16
Q

what is the term that describes combining orbital between 2 different atoms?

A

bond formation-molecular obitals

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17
Q

describe the formation of sigma bonding

A

when the 1s orbitals of two H atoms overlap

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18
Q

describe the formation of sigma antibonding

A

when two 1s orbitals overlap out of phase

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19
Q

which has higher energy, sigma bonding or sigma antibonding?

A

sigma antibonding

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20
Q

a double bond consists of

A
  • a sigma bond

- a pi bond a

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21
Q

a triple bond consists of

A
  • a sigma bond

- 2 pi bonds

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22
Q

define isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement

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23
Q

constitutional isomers differ in

A

the bonding sequence

24
Q

stereoisomers differ in

A

the arrangements of atoms in space

25
Q

constitutional isomers have different

A

physical properties

26
Q

of isomers increases as the # of ______ increases

A

carbon atoms

27
Q

what are 2 examples of geometrical isomers?

A

cis- and trans- isomers

28
Q

increased surface area =

A

higher boiling point

29
Q

increased branching =

A

lower boiling point

30
Q

what type of strong attraction occurs in hydrogen bonding?

A

dipole-diploe

31
Q

what must molecules have to form a hydrogen bond?

A

N-H or O-H bonds

32
Q

why do O-H bonds have stronger hydrogen bonding than N-H bonds?

A

bc O-H bonds are more polar than N-H bonds

33
Q

how does hydrogen bonding affect boiling point?

A

it increases b.p.

34
Q

what are the 3 broad classes?

A
  1. hydrocarbons
  2. compounds w/ O
  3. compounds w/ N
35
Q

What are the 6 types of hydrocarbons?

A
  1. alkanes
  2. cycloalkanes
  3. alkenes
  4. cycloalkenes
  5. alkynes
  6. aromatic
36
Q

describe alkanes

A

single bonds between all carbons

37
Q

describe cycloalkanes

A

sp3 carbons that form a ring

38
Q

describe alkenes

A

double bonds are present (sp2)

39
Q

describe cycloalkenes

A

a ring with a double bond

40
Q

describe alkynes

A

triple bonds are present (sp)

41
Q

describe aromatics

A

contain a benzene ring

42
Q

what suffix do alkenes contain?

A

-ene

43
Q

what suffix do alkynes contain?

A

-yne

44
Q

what are the 5 types of compounds w/ O?

A
  1. alcohols
  2. ethers
  3. aldehydes
  4. ketones
  5. carboxylic acids
45
Q

describe ethers

A

contain 2 alkyl groups bonded to an O

R-O-R

46
Q

describe aldehydes and ketones

A

contain a carbonyl group (C=O)

47
Q

describe carboxylic acids

A

contain a carboxyl group (-COOH)

48
Q

What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?

A

aldehydes have C=O w/ H

ketones have C=O w/ 2C

49
Q

suffix used for aldehydes

A

-al

50
Q

suffix used for ketones

A

-one

51
Q

suffix used for carboxylic acids

A

-oic acid

52
Q

what are the 3 types of compounds w/ N

A
  1. amines
  2. amides
  3. nitriles
53
Q

describe amines

A

derivative of ammonia

-NH2

54
Q

describe amides

A

derivative of carboxylic acid w/ a N

55
Q

describe nitriles

A

contain a cyano group

-C—N

Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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