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GEOS 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

layers of rock at the bottom are usually older than the layers above them

A

Superposition

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2
Q

sedimentary layers usually start out flat and stay flat until they are deformed

A

Horizontality

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3
Q

fossils are found in the same order that the creatures lived on Earth

A

Fossil Succession

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4
Q

crystalline rocks underlay younger sediments, with a gap in time between them

A

Nonconformity

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5
Q

deformed rocks underlay flat rocks, with a gap in time between them

A

Angular unconformity

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6
Q

flat rocks underlay flat rocks, with a gap in time between them

A

Disconformity

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7
Q

younger rocks or faults cut through older ones

A

Cross-Cutting

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8
Q

older rocks can be trapped as pieces inside younger rocks

A

Included Pieces

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9
Q

versions of the same element (same protons) but different atomic weights (different neutrons)

A

Isotope

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10
Q

unstable and radioactive isotope which will decay over time

A

Parent element

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11
Q

new element created by the decay of the parent, builds up over time

A

Daughter element

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12
Q

the time it takes for half of the parent element to turn into daughter element.

A

Half life

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13
Q

dating system useful very young rocks, fossils, and archeological items. Must be organic

A

Carbon-14

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14
Q

dating system useful for very old rocks

A

Uranium-238

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15
Q

time of planetary formation, water added from volcanoes and comets. Life begins.

A

Hadean Eon

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16
Q

no oxygen in air, life remains primitive. First photosynthesis

A

Archean Eon

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17
Q

oxygen builds up in air, first ozone layer, life becomes more complex.

A

Proterozoic Eon

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18
Q

age of fish, first hard fossils, first trees and insects, life moves on land

A

Paleozoic Era

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19
Q

age of dinosaurs

A

Mesozoic Era

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20
Q

age of mammals

A

Cenozoic Era

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21
Q

stretching at divergent boundaries (rifting, spreading)

A

Extensional stress

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22
Q

crunching at convergent boundaries (subduction, collision)

A

Compressional stress

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23
Q

slicing at transform boundaries

A

Shear stress

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24
Q

temporary flexing, stores energy

A

Elastic strain

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25
Q

permanent slow bending, releases energy gradually

A

Ductile strain

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26
Q

permanent break, releases energy violently and suddenly

A

Brittle strain

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27
Q

vibrations in rock caused by released energy

A

Seismic waves

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28
Q

underground location where the fault actually breaks

A

Focus

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29
Q

surface map location above the focus

A

Epicenter

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30
Q

move fast by compressing rocks, can travel in solids or liquids

A

Primary (P) waves

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31
Q

move more slowly by slicing rocks, can only travel in solids

A

Secondary (S) waves

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32
Q

slowest and most damaging, make the ground surface move

A

Surface (L) waves

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33
Q

finding the location of an earthquake from three seismic recording stations

A

Triangulation

34
Q

size of the wiggles on a seismogram

A

Amplitude

35
Q

diagram used to estimate earthquake magnitude from amplitude and distance

A

Nomogram

36
Q

any change in rock layer shape caused by deformation

A

Structures

37
Q

outside force on rocks created by plate tectonics

A

Stress

38
Q

how rocks respond to stress by changing shape

A

Strain

39
Q

structures formed by ductile strain

A

Folds

40
Q

structures formed by brittle strain

A

Faults

41
Q

brittle fault blocks

A

Rift valley

42
Q

ductile stretching

A

Mid-ocean ridge

43
Q

thrust fault slices pile up in trench

A

Accretionary wedge or prism

44
Q

deformation belts caused by subduction (narrow) and collision (wide)

A

Fold and thrust belts

45
Q

downward sag with the youngest rocks in the middle

A

Syncline

46
Q

upward arch with the oldest rocks in the middle

A

Anticline

47
Q

sides of a folded structure, not very bent

A

Limb

48
Q

central portion where the bending is concentrated

A

Nose or axis

49
Q

sides of the fold match

A

Symmetrical

50
Q

one side of the fold is steeper than the other

A

Asymmetrical

51
Q

one side of the fold is turned upside down

A

Overturned

52
Q

both sides of the fold are flat

A

Recumbent

53
Q

exposed fault surface

A

Scarp

54
Q

hanging wall slides down the fault, creating a gap in layers

A

Normal fault

55
Q

hanging wall is pushed up the fault, creating an overlap in layers

A

Reverse fault

56
Q

hanging wall is pushed up a very gentle fault ramp, creating a huge overlap

A

Thrust fault

57
Q

only horizontal (sideways) motion, no up or down movement

A

Strike-slip fault

58
Q

forms at specific pressures and temperatures

A

Index mineral

59
Q

low-grade green index mineral

A

Chlorite

60
Q

medium-high grade blue index mineral

A

Kyanite

61
Q

medium-high grade red index mineral

A

Garnet

62
Q

lowest grade product of shale metamorphism, clay and mica

A

Slate

63
Q

low grade product of shale metamorphism, small mica (chlorite)

A

Phyllite

64
Q

medium grade product of shale metamorphism, large mica, garnet and kyanite

A

Schist

65
Q

high grade product of shale metamorphism, feldspar (no mica)

A

Gneiss

66
Q

highest grade partially melted mixture of gneiss and granite

A

Migmatite

67
Q

metamorphosed sandstone at any grade

A

Quartzite

68
Q

metamorphosed limestone at any grade

A

Marble

69
Q

lowest grade product of peat metamorphism

A

Lignite

70
Q

medium grade product of peat metamorphism

A

Bituminous coal

71
Q

high grade product of peat metamorphism

A

Anthracite

72
Q

highest grade product of peat metamorphism

A

Graphite

73
Q

can happen anywhere rocks are covered by many other rocks

A

Burial metamorphism

74
Q

requires a plate tectonic event

A

Tectonic metamorphism

75
Q

rocks are cooked by nearby hot magma intrusion

A

Contact metamorphism

76
Q

particular rock whose index minerals tell us its P and T conditions

A

Facies

77
Q

smooth rock facies created by contact metamorphism

A

Hornfels

78
Q

blue rock facies created by high P and low T in deep sea trenches

A

Blueschist

79
Q

parallel bands of blueschist and greenschist that indicate a former subduction zone

A

Paired belts

80
Q

large area cooked by continental collision

A

Regional metamorphism

81
Q

highest P and T metamorphism at the contact between the two continents

A

Suture zone

GEOS 101 (3 decks)

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