Exam 3 Flashcards
According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?
Person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it
The scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.
Social Psychology
A change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people.
Conformity
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner.
Groupthink
The assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should do something in return for the other.
Norm of Reciprocity
_________ comes at the direct order of an authority figure (boss, police, teacher)
_________ is following the influence of the group around you.
Obedience vs. Conformity
Studied obedience of an authority figure by having random people placed as “teachers” that would electrically shock “students” upon wrong answers on a test. Shocks became painful, however “teachers” continued with each question at an alarming rate.
Milgram’s classic research
The tendency to slack off when working in a group.
Social Loafing
This is the tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation.
A) Affect (how it affects your feelings)
B) Behavior (affects your actions)
C) Cognition (affects your thoughts)
Attitudes
The process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course or action of another person through arguing, pleading, explanation.
Persuasion
Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s attitude.
Cognitive Dissonance
__________ is the cause of behavior attributed to external factors such as delays, actions of others, or other aspects of the situation.
__________ is the cause of behavior attributed to internal factors like personality or character.
Situational vs. Dispositional Attributions of behavior
________ is when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for lack of action due to the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.
________ is the effect that the presence of others has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases.
Diffusion of Responsibility and the Bystander Effect
The process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others.
Attribution
________ is the enduring characteristics that one is born with.
________ is the unique ways in which one thinks, feels, and behaves.
Temperament and Personality
Id: chaotic and concerned with the body not with the outside world. If it feels good, Do It!
Ego: logical, rational, utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. (Power of control)
Superego: moralistic and idealistic portion of personality.
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality
________ is focused on the surrounding environment and it’s affect on behavior.
Behaviorist theory of personality
Carl Jung
Disagreed with Freud, rather he believed that the unconscious was not limited to an individuals unique life experieces but was filled with fundamental psychological truths shared by the whole human race (collective unconscious).
- collective unconscious
- archetypes
- analytic psychology
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura thinks there are 3 factors that influence behavior:
1) The environment (which consists of physical surroundings and the potential for reinforcement)
2) The person (Personal/cognitive characteristics that have been rewarded in the past)
3) The behavior itself (which may or may not be reinforced at this particular time and place)
These 3 factors each affect the other two in a reciprocal, or give-and-take, relationship.
Self-Efficancy
A person’s belief about his or her ability to perform a particular goal/task successfully.
The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences on their lives.
Locus of Control
Carl Roger’s beliefs about: What is the real self? What is the ideal self? What happens when those selves are similar (or ideally, the same)? What happens when they differ?
- Real self - who a person actually is.
- Ideal self - What a person wants to be like. Influence by others.
- If matched closely - an individual has a positive self-concept
- If mismatched - anxiety will prevail
Five-factor model of personality (O.C.E.A.N.)
Openness: one’s willingness to try new things and be open to new ideas and experiences
Conscientiousness: Organization and motivation - being on time and taking care of belongings.
Extroversion: Extroverts are outgoing/center of attention. Introverts are more solitary and they don’t like the spotlight.
Agreeableness: Emotional style. Easy going,friendly, pleasant or grumpy, crabby, hard to get along w/.
Neuroticism: Emotional stability (calm) or Instability (moody).
The ________ uses different theories that seem to best fit a particular situation, rather than use only one theory to explain all situations.
Eclectic view of assessing personalities
_________ is the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again and again each time it is given tot he same group.
_________ is the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Accuracy.
Reliability vs. Validity of Intelligence
Psychopathology
The study of abnormal behavior.
How do psychologists determine what is abnormal?
1) Maladaptive- inability to function normally in everyday life.
2) Statistical definition- frequent behavior is normal, rare is abnormal
3) Social Norm Deviation- behavior that goes against society standards.
4) Subjective Discomfort- emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior.
The abnormal behaviors that are specific to a particular location or group.
Culture-bound syndrome
Model of explaining behavior as cause by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body.
Biological model of mental illness
The view in which abnormal behavior is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors
Biopsychosocial perspective
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders
It is a categorical classification system used by most medical personnel when diagnosing a patient with a mental disorder. It organizes each psychiatric diagnosis into five axes relating to different aspects of the disorder or disability.
How common are the different types of psychological disorders?
Any given year bout 22% of adults suffer from mental disorders.
Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness.
Anxiety Disorders
1) ________ are intruding thoughts that occur again and again causing anxiety.
2) _______ are repetitive and ritualistic behaviors performed to lower anxiety cause by obsessive thoughts.
1) Obsessions
2) Compulsions
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
Severely disturbs mood.
Mood Disorders
Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality.
Schizophrenia
Categories of Schizophrenia
Disorganized: confused in speech, hallucinations, socially impaired.
Catatonic: very disturbed motor behavior with coma like rests.
Paranoid: hallucinations and delusions that people/things are “out to get me”. Jealousy a common theme.
1) _________ include an excess of certain behaviors or distortions of reality (hallucinations/delusions).
2) _________ reflect a decrease in normal everyday functions. Lack of self care. Inability to filter out stimuli to focus attention, flat affect, problems with producing speech, apathy, and withdraw from others.
- Positive Symptoms
2. Negative Symptoms
Three clusters of Personality Disorders:
- The Odd/ Eccentric
- The Dramatic/ Erratic
- The Anxious/ Fearful
The tendency for a patient to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.
Transferance
Directive vs. Non-Directive Therapy
Direct: therapist leads the therapeutic process.
Non-Direct: allows the client to take the lead and initiates content of the therapy session.
A non-directive therapy in which the therapist shows:
- Reflection
- Unconditional Positive Regard
- Empathy
- Authenticity
Person-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers
Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps the client to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role playing.
Gestalt Therapy, by Fritz Perls
Behavioral technique used to treat phobias. A client is asked to make a list of fears from least to worst and taught to relax then step by step confronting those fears.
Systematic desensitization
The imitation of behavior through observational learning.
Modeling
Method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that patients can exchange for tangible rewards
Token Economy
A form of action therapy in which the goal is to overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
A form of group therapy in which a family meets together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.
Family Therapy
Major types of anti-depressant drugs
MAOIs: Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Tricyclics: three ring molecular make up
SSRIs: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
A procedure used to treat depression that involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient’s brain.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Jung’s collective, universal human memories. A kinda of species or radical memory.
Archetypes (Think archived memories)
MMPI-2
Designed to detect abnormal personality
Psychodynamic Therapy
- Started with Freud
- Focuses on unconscious mind in the development of personality
- Heavily focused on biological causes of personality
- An insight therapy
- Based on theories of learning
- Focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior
- An action therapy
Behavior Therapy, by Albert Bandura
Associated with Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck
