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Biology 115 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mechanical Digestion?

A

Occurs primarily in the mouth by chewing and contractions of the muscles in the stomach

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2
Q

What is Chemical Digestion?

A

Digestive enzymes breakdown our food’s macromolecules into absorbable subunits. Begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.

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3
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A

Pancreas, Liver, and gallbladder

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4
Q

What is the function of the Pancreas?

A

Produces pancreatic juice and digestive enzymes that is used to help digest all types of food. Also produces insulin to maintain blood glucose.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Liver?

A

Removes poisonous substances from the blood and detoxifies them, removes iron and vitamins from the blood and stores them, stores glucose as glycogen for when glucose is low, and helps regulate blood cholesterol levels.

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6
Q

What is the function of the Gallbladder?

A

Stores bile.

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7
Q

What is the difference between bolus and chyme?

A

Bolus is chewed food in the mouth for swallowing and chyme is partially digested food leaving the stomach.

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8
Q

How are teeth involved in the digestive process?

A

When teeth chew our food into pieces to swallow = Mechanical Digestion.

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9
Q

What are the 2 divisions of a tooth?

A 
Crown = portion above gumline
Root = portion below gumline, made up of dentin and pulp.
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10
Q

How is the tongue involved in the digestive process?

A

Assists teeth with mechanical digestion by moving food around in the mouth. Forms chewed food into bolus and pushes it toward the pharynx.

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11
Q

What is the function of the Epiglottis within the digestive tract?

A

Moveable flap that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe.

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12
Q

What is Peristalsis/What does it do? (Digestive tract)

A

Peristalsis pushes food through the esophagus. Peristalsis is muscle contractions of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

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13
Q

How do we swallow food?

A

Swallowing food has a voluntary phase and a reflex action performed involuntarily when food is pushed back enough into the pharynx. Food then enters the esophagus and the epiglottis covers the glottis to prevent food in our airway.

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14
Q

What causes heartburn?

A

When lower esophageal sphincter fails to open and let food into the stomach, or when sphincter is opened and food moves from stomach back to the esophagus.

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15
Q

What is Tidal Volume? (Respiratory)

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of each breath when we are relaxed.

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16
Q

What is Vital Capacity? (Respiratory)

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved in and the maximum amount that can be moved out during a single breath.

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17
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air that can still be brought into the lungs after normal, quiet breathing.

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18
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration.

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19
Q

What is Residual Volume? (Respiratory)

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after exhaling and that cannot be exhaled from the lungs.

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20
Q

What causes SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome)?

A

Precise cause is unknown. Possibly miscommunication between respiratory center of the brain and lungs or problems with heart function.

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21
Q

What happens in relation to gas exchange during External Respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

22
Q

What happens in relation to gas exchange during Internal Respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells.

23
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

24
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Nerves

25
Q

What is the function of Sensory Neurons?

A

Carry signals from the outer parts of your body into the central nervous system.

26
Q

What is the function of Motor Neurons?

A

Carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.

27
Q

What are the Neurons’ function within the nervous system?

A

Cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system.

28
Q

What is the structure of a Sensory Neuron?

A

Long axon covered by a myelin sheath

29
Q

What is the structure/function of an Interneuron?

A

Entirely within the CNS. Receives input from sensory neurons and interneurons in the CNS. Sums up all info from other neurons before communicating with motor neurons.

Short axon not covered by a myelin sheath

30
Q

What is the structure of a Motor Neuron?

A

Long axon covered by a myelin sheath

31
Q

What is a Myelin Sheath?

A

Develops when Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrap their membranes around an axon many times.

32
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

An action potential at one node causes an action potential at the next node, jumping over entire portions of axons.

33
Q

Define Resting Potential

A

Exists because the plasma membrane is polarized: Positively charged ion are stashed OUTSIDE the cell, negatively charged ions INSIDE. Measured in volts.

34
Q

What is Action Potential and where does it occur?

A

The process of conduction, occurs in the axons of neurons, activated by a stimulus.

35
Q

What is Depolarization and Repolarization?

A 
Depolarization = The charge (polarity) inside the axon changes from negative to positive
Repolarization = Inside of the axon resumes a negative charge as potassium exits the axon
36
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Sites of contact between nerve cells. Synapses convert electrical signals into chemical information, which is conveyed between neurons at this site

37
Q

What is a neurotransmitter and its function?

A

Stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals, carries out transmissions across a synapse.

38
Q

What is an Axon terminal?

A

Small, swelling tip at the end of every axon.

39
Q

Presynaptic vs Postsynaptic Neuron

A 
Pre = Cell that sends info
Post = Cell that receives info
40
Q

Electrical signal vs. Chemical signal

A 
Electrical = action potentials, which transmit the information from one of a neuron to the other
Chemical = neurotransmitters, which transmit the information from one neuron to the next
41
Q

What is Synaptic Intergration?

A

Summing up of signals. If a neuron receives enough excitatory signals to outweigh the inhibitory ones, the axon will transmit a signal, or the other way around.

42
Q

What does the neuroglia of a neuron do?

A

Support and nourishes neurons

43
Q

In the Central Nervous System, how are the brain and spinal cord protected?

A

By bone, the spinal cord is surrounded by vertebrae and the brain is enclosed by a skull.

44
Q

In the Central Nervous System, what does meninges do?

A

Both the spinal cord and brain are wrapped in protective membranes (meninges)

45
Q

In the Central Nervous System, where is cerebrospinal fluid and what does it do?

A

Fills spaces between the meninges, which cushions and protects the CNS.

46
Q

What is the function of the brain’s Cerebrum?

A

Last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding motor responses. Communicates with and coordinates activities of other parts of the brain.

47
Q

What part of the brain is reserved for the highest mental functions (learning, memory, language)?

A

The cerebral cortex

48
Q

What part of the brain maintains posture and balance?

A

The Cerebellum

49
Q

What does the Reflex Arc do within the spinal cord?

A

Neural pathway that controls a reflex. Goes through the spinal cord instead of the brain for a faster reflex.

50
Q

Cranial Nerves vs. Spinal Nerves

A

Cranial = emerge directly from the brain. transfers information between the brain and the other parts of the body. Head, neck, and facial regions

Spinal = emerge directly from segments of the spinal cord. Roots separate axons of sensory and motor neurons. Called mixed nerves because they contain sensory and motor fibers. Serves particular region of the body in which it is located.

51
Q

Difference between Viral STDs vs. Bacterial STDs

A 
Viral = Can't be eliminated, drugs only slow production of the virus 
Bacterial = Curable with antibiotics

Biology 115 (4 decks)

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