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Biology 115 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What 6 things does the heart transport?

A

Nutrients, waste, hormones, oxygen, heat, and immune cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport
Protection: transports cells of the immune system.
Regulation: homeostasis of the body, including temp, pH, and water levels.

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3
Q

What does an artery do?

A

Blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart.

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4
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

Control the blood pressure through constriction or dilation.
Constrict = rising BP.
Dilation = lower BP.

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5
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Exchange materials with the cells of the body. Arterioles branch into capillaries.

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6
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood back to the heart. Wall of vein is thinner than that of an artery. Act as a blood reservoir (70% of blood is always present in veins)

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7
Q

What do venules do?

A

Small veins that drain blood from capillaries and join to form a vein.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of veins having valves?

A

Allow blood to flow toward the heart when open, prevent backward flow of blood when closed.

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation loop do?

A

Heart gives CO2 to lungs and receives oxygen for blood.

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10
Q

What does the systemic loop do?

A

Provides oxygen to all cells.
Superior vena cava collects blood from head, chest, & arms.
Inferior vena cava collects blood from lower body regions.
Both enter right atrium.

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11
Q

What is the largest artery in the systemic circuit?

A

The aorta

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12
Q

What is the Pericardium of the heart?

A

A thick sac that supports and protects the heart. Fluid slides over the heart’s surface as it pumps blood.

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13
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Two upper, thin-walled left & right atria and two lower chambers, thick-walled left & right ventricles.

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14
Q

Where are the 4 atrioventricular (AV) valves and what are their names?

A

Located between the atria and ventricles.
AV valve right side = tricuspid valve
AV valve left side = bicuspid/mitral valve
2 semilunar valves = lie between ventricles and their attached vessels

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15
Q

What is each heartbeat referred to as?

A

A cardiac cycle

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16
Q

Define Systole (in terms of the heart)

A

The working phase, refers to contraction of the chambers

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17
Q

Define Diastole (in terms of the heart)

A

The resting phase, refers to relaxation of the chambers.

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18
Q

What does the heartbeat sound “lub-dub” mean?

A 
"lub" = occurs when increasing pressure of blood inside a ventricle forces the cusps of the AV valves to slam shut.
"dub" = occurs when the ventricles relax, and blood flows backward momentarily, causing the semilunar valves to close
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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)?

A

Becomes natural pacemaker signal to AV Node. Initiates the heartbeat and automatically sends out signal every .85 seconds, causing atria to contract.

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20
Q

Where is the SA Node located?

A

Upper dorsal wall of the right atrium.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)?

A

Delays signal from SA Node for .5 second, distributes impulse to bottom half of the heart. Ventricles then begin their contraction after the atria.

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22
Q

Where is the AV Node located?

A

In the base of the right atrium, very near the septum.

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23
Q

What happens if the SA Node fails to work properly within the heart?

A

The heart still beats due to signals generated by the AV node, but the beat is slower. Artificial pacemaker implanted to correct.

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24
Q

How does the cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata, a portion of the brain, effect the heart?

A

This portion controls internal organs and can alter the beat of the heart through parasympathetic and sympathetic portions of the nervous system.

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25
Q

What 2 factors have external control of the heartbeat?

A

The brain and hormones

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26
Q

How do hormones play a role in our heart?

A

The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, released by the adrenal medulla, stimulate the heart. During exercise, the hormones our body experiences causes the heart to pump faster.

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27
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

A recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle.
A record of the heartbeat.

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28
Q

How does an electrocardiogram (ECG) work?

A

Body fluids contain ions that can be detected on our skin. electrodes placed on the skin during an ECG connect to wires of an instrument that detect myocardium electrical changes.

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29
Q

During an ECG, what does the P wave indicate?

A

Indicates the atria are about to contract.

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30
Q

During an ECG, what does the QRS complex indicate?

A

Signals that the ventricles are about to contract.

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31
Q

During an ECG, what does the T wave indicate?

A

Electrical changes that occur as the ventricular muscle fibers recover.

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32
Q

Define Fibrillation

A

Out of sync behavior

33
Q

What does a defibulator do?

A

Pauses to reset the heart to beat correctly.
Strong, electrical current applied to the chest, in response, all heart cells discharge their electricity at once. Then, the SA node may be able to reestablish a coordinated beat.

34
Q

Can CPR correct fibrillation?

A

No, but forces a fibrillating heart to keep circulating oxygenated blood until help arrives.

35
Q

Define blood pressure

A

A measure of amount of strain your arteries feel as your heart moves blood around

36
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The highest arterial pressure, reached during ejection of blood from the heart.

37
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The lowest arterial pressure, occurs while the heart ventricles are relaxing.

38
Q

What is the measure of blood flow?

A

The volume of blood flowing through any given vessel (cardiac output)

39
Q

Why does blood move slowly through the capillaries?

A

Allows time for exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

40
Q

What is high and low blood pressure called?

A

High BP = Hypertension

Low BP = hypotension

41
Q

Define Coronary Circulation

A

circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium)

42
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

43
Q

Causes and treatments of Heart Failure

A

Those who survive heart attacks are left with damaged hearts that are often oversized, sagging, and swollen.
Treatments: Wrapping in sheath to prevent growth or inserting an ICD to slow down or speed up the irregular heart with shocks of voltage

44
Q

What are the 3 general categories of the functions of blood?

A

Transport, defense, and regulation

Transport: Acquires oxygen, picks up nutrients, and transports CO2 to tissue cells
Defense: defends the body against pathogens and blood loss, can destroy some pathogens.
Regulation: Homeostasis of the body, picks up heat from active muscles and transports. Also, dilates vessels if too warm.

45
Q

What are the 3 Formed Elements of the blood? Where are they produced?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Produced in red bone marrow.

46
Q

What is the structure of Red Blood Cells?

A

Contain hemoglobins (pigment that attracts oxygen), no nucleus; biconcave shape, lack organelles & mitochondria.

47
Q

What is the function(s) of Red Blood Cells?

A

Transport oxygen and CO2 to cells, produce ATP, and do not consume any of the oxygen they transport.

48
Q

What is the structure of White Blood Cells?

A

Larger than Red Blood Cells, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are translucent.

49
Q

What is the function(s) of White Blood Cells?

A

Fight infection by phagocytosis (surround pathogen and engulf it) or by producing antibodies.

50
Q

What do the salts and plasma proteins found in Plasma do?

A

Help maintain osmotic pressure of blood and the blood’s pH.

51
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogens.

52
Q

Where are Red Blood cells made and destroyed?

A

Made in red bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and spleen by white blood cells.

53
Q

How do white blood cells leave the blood and enter tissues?

A

WBCs squeeze through pores in the capillary wall.

54
Q

What is Blood Doping and what does it do?

A

techniques and/or substances to increase red blood cell mass, allowing the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and increase stamina/performance.

55
Q

How does Blood Clotting work?

A

Platelets clump at injured area and partially seal the leak. Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug and provide framework for the clot. RBCs trapped make the clot look red in color.

56
Q

Define “antigen”

A

Any substance that is foreign to a person’s body.

57
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Lymphatic System?

A

1) Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid, return it to the bloodstream
2) In small intestines, absorb lipoproteins, transport to bloodstream
3) Responsible for production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
4) Helps defend body against pathogens

58
Q

What do the Lymphatic Vessels do?

A

1-way system of capillaries to vessels and ducts. Take lymph to cardiovascular veins in the shoulders.

59
Q

What are the 2 Primary Lymphatic Organs?

A

Red Bone Marrow and Thymus

60
Q

What are the functions of the Primary Lymphatic Organs? (Red Bone Marrow & Thymus)

A

Red Bone Marrow: Produces all types of blood cells
Thymus: Produces thymic hormones to aid T lymphocytes & T lymphocytes mature in the Thymus. Thymus is critical to immunity.

61
Q

What are the 2 Secondary Lymphatic Organs?

A

Lymph Nodes and Spleen

62
Q

What are the function of the Secondary Lymphatic Organs? (Lymph nodes & Spleen)

A

Lymph Nodes: Filter lymph.

Spleen: Filters blood.

63
Q

What is the difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity?

A

Innate Immunity: Functional without previous exposure to invaders.
Adaptive Immunity: Initiated and amplified by exposure.

64
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of Inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

65
Q

What do Interferons do as part of the Immune System?

A

Proteins produced by virus-infected cells as a warning to noninfected cells. Bind to receptors of noninfected cells, causing them to prepare for attack. Used to treat viral infections.

66
Q

What is Active Immunity?

A

We produce antibodies ourselves against an antigen, done naturally or with the help of vaccines.

67
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

Antibodies given to us from someone else, mom or doctor. Passive immunity is temporary.

68
Q

Cause and treatment of Allergies

A

Cause: Hypersensitivities to substances that don’t cause harm to the body. Response to allergens usually include some degree of tissue damage.
Treatment: Allergy medications or Epi-pen

69
Q

Cause and treatment of Tissue Rejection

A

Cause: Recipient of transplant’s immune system recognizes the tissue as different. Cytotoxic T Cells respond by attacking the cells of the new tissue.
Treatment: Immunosuppressive drugs or Xenotransplantation (use of animal organs instead)

70
Q

Cause and treatment of Autoimmune Diseases

A

Cause: Cytotoxic T cells/antibodies attack the body’s own cells. Exact cause = unknown, both genetic and environmental factors (possibly)
Treatment: None or steroids

71
Q

Cause and treatment of Immunodeficiency Diseases

A

Cause: Immune system unable to protect the body against disease. Can be caused by infections, chemical exposure, or radiation.
Treatment: Bone marrow transplants and gene therapy.

72
Q

What are the 3 common shapes of bacterial anatomy?

A

Coccus: sphere-shaped
Bacillus: Rod-shaped
Spirillum: Curved/spiral-shaped

73
Q

What is a microbe called if it causes a disease?

A

A Pathogen

74
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

The study of diseases, patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

75
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen

76
Q

Where do Emerging Diseases come from?

A

New/Increased exposure to animals/insects that act as vectors for disease or changes in human behavior/use of technology

77
Q

What is an Emerging Disease?

A

A new pathogen that has an increased infection rate within the past 2 decades or threaten to in the near future.

78
Q

What is a Reemerging Disease?

A

Diseases that have reappeared after a significant decline. (Such as increasing resistance to antibiotics)

79
Q

What causes antibiotic resistence?

A

Humans don’t become resistant to the drug, but pathogens do through mutation/interacting with other organisms.

Biology 115 (4 decks)

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