Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the four key elements of successful target acquisition?
Ignoring conflicting or distracting close-up and peripheral stimuli
Optimizing the eye-brain connection
Looking past structure surfaces
Using a distant object to adjust focus for search
What is stated in FAR 91.67?
Vigilance shall be maintained by each person operating an A/C so as to see and avoid other A/C
What can prevent a pilot from seeing other A/C especially on a collision course?
Physical limitations
On how many elements is the see-and-avoid technique based?
4
What are the elements that the see and avoid technique is based on?
A/C limitations
Eye perception
Eye brain connection
Muscle reflex
What’s the total time from recognizing traffic to reacting?
12.5 seconds
How long does it take for the eye to see but not recognize an object?
0.1 second
How long does it take for the brain eye connection to work?
1 second
How long does it take the brain to recognize a collision course?
5 seconds
How long does it take the brain to determine in which direction to turn?
4 seconds
How long does it take for the muscular reaction?
0.4 second
What’s the total time for the three physical elements to work?
10.5 seconds
How long is the A/C lag time?
2 seconds
What’s the blind spot?
Where the optic nerve is joined to the retina
What does saccades mean?
The eyes shift in a series of jerky movements or jumps
Is it possible to make voluntary smooth eye movements while scanning featureless space?
No
What’s empty field myopia?
The absence of a visual stimulus causes the eye muscles to relax and prevents the lens from focusing
What can prevent you from seeing A/C which are on a collision course?
Dirty windshield
What are cones?
Concentrated in the foveal area
Color
Daytime
What are rods?
Night vision
Perception of shades of grey
20x more numerous than cones
What’s the safety issues of a Cessna 340 and a T-6?
See-and-avoid
Role of ATC
What was the probable cause of a Cessna 340 and a T-6?
Failure of the Orlando-West controller to coordinate handoff
Failure of the North controller to maintain radar identification
Both airplanes were “sitting on top” of each other on the radar
What was a contributing factor of a Cessna 340 and a T-6?
Limitation of the see-and-avoid principle
What was the safety issues of a Citation and a C172?
See-and-avoid
Failure to turn on xpndr
Role of ATC
What was the probable cause of a Citation and a C172?
Failure of both pilots to see and avoid each other
Failure of the C172 pilot to turn on the xpndr
What were contributing factors for a Citation and C172?
Controllers failure to observe a traffic conflict
Lack of radar conflict alert capability
What was the C172 pilots background?
Took shortcuts
Many violations
What was the safety issue of Aeromexico 498 and a Cherokee?
See-and-avoid
Airspace intrusion
Role of ATC
What was the probable cause of Aeromexico 498 and a Cherokee?
Limitations of the ATC system to provide collision protection
What was the contributing factor of Aeromexico 498 and a Cherokee?
Inadvertent and unauthorized entry of the Cherokee in LAX Class B airspace
Cherokee pilot was lost and made a wrong turn
Limitation of the see-and-avoid concept
Controller was distracted by another A/C
What were the safety issues of PSA 182 and a C172?
See-and-avoid
Role of ATC
Radio phraseology
Cockpit discipline
What was the probable cause of PSA 182 and a C172?
Failure of the 727 crew to comply with the visual-separation clearance
Not informing the controller that visual contact was lost
What were contributing factors of PSA 182 and a C172?
Failure of the controller to advise PSA 182 of the C172 flight path
Failure of the C172 pilot to maintain assigned heading
Improper resolution by the controller
Why do we study mechanical disasters?
Fly the airplane
Don’t give up
What were the safety issues of TWA 800?
Fuel tank ignition sources
Fuel tank flammability
Design and certification standards
Maintenance and aging A/C systems
What was the probable cause of TWA 800?
Explosion of the center wing fuel tank resulting from the ignition of the flammable fuel-air mixture in the tank
What was a contributing factor of TWA 800?
Design and certification concept of the CWT
What was the probable cause of United 585 and US Air 427?
Ruddder hardover
What happened to Eastwind 517?
Experienced rudder hard over but were able to land and help solve the riddle
What were the probable causes of United 585?
Flight control malfunction
Weather
What were the safety issues of ValuJet 592?
In-flight fire
Hazardous cargo
What was the probable cause of ValuJet 592?
Fire in the cargo compartment
Initiated by the actuation of one or more oxygen generators being improperly carried as cargo
What was the safety issues of United 232?
Catastrophic engine failure
CRM
ADM
Cockpit discipline
What was the probable cause of United 232?
inadequate engine overhaul
Failure to detect fatigue crack
Debris to penetrate hydraulic systems
What was the probable cause of Air France 4590?
High-speed passage over a piece of metal causing the tire to explode
Damaging the fuel tank
Ignition of the leaking fuel
What were safety issues of Air France Flight 4590?
Debris on the runway
How could Air France 4590 have been avoided?
Reinforce fuel tanks
What were safety issues of AA 191?
Maintenance induced A/C damage
Asymmetrical configuration
What was the probable cause of AA 191?
Asymmetrical stall
Ensuing roll
Separation of number one engine during T/O
What were contributing factors of AA 191?
Vulnerability of pylon attach points to maintenance damage
Vulnerability of leading-edge slat to maintenance damage
Deficiencies in FAA surveillance
Which way did the engine of AA 191 go?
Over the top of the wing
