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Aviation Safety > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four key elements of successful target acquisition?

A

Ignoring conflicting or distracting close-up and peripheral stimuli
Optimizing the eye-brain connection
Looking past structure surfaces
Using a distant object to adjust focus for search

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2
Q

What is stated in FAR 91.67?

A

Vigilance shall be maintained by each person operating an A/C so as to see and avoid other A/C

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3
Q

What can prevent a pilot from seeing other A/C especially on a collision course?

A

Physical limitations

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4
Q

On how many elements is the see-and-avoid technique based?

A

4

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5
Q

What are the elements that the see and avoid technique is based on?

A

A/C limitations
Eye perception
Eye brain connection
Muscle reflex

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6
Q

What’s the total time from recognizing traffic to reacting?

A

12.5 seconds

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7
Q

How long does it take for the eye to see but not recognize an object?

A

0.1 second

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8
Q

How long does it take for the brain eye connection to work?

A

1 second

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9
Q

How long does it take the brain to recognize a collision course?

A

5 seconds

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10
Q

How long does it take the brain to determine in which direction to turn?

A

4 seconds

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11
Q

How long does it take for the muscular reaction?

A

0.4 second

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12
Q

What’s the total time for the three physical elements to work?

A

10.5 seconds

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13
Q

How long is the A/C lag time?

A

2 seconds

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14
Q

What’s the blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve is joined to the retina

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15
Q

What does saccades mean?

A

The eyes shift in a series of jerky movements or jumps

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16
Q

Is it possible to make voluntary smooth eye movements while scanning featureless space?

A

No

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17
Q

What’s empty field myopia?

A

The absence of a visual stimulus causes the eye muscles to relax and prevents the lens from focusing

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18
Q

What can prevent you from seeing A/C which are on a collision course?

A

Dirty windshield

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19
Q

What are cones?

A

Concentrated in the foveal area
Color
Daytime

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20
Q

What are rods?

A

Night vision
Perception of shades of grey
20x more numerous than cones

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21
Q

What’s the safety issues of a Cessna 340 and a T-6?

A

See-and-avoid

Role of ATC

22
Q

What was the probable cause of a Cessna 340 and a T-6?

A

Failure of the Orlando-West controller to coordinate handoff
Failure of the North controller to maintain radar identification
Both airplanes were “sitting on top” of each other on the radar

23
Q

What was a contributing factor of a Cessna 340 and a T-6?

A

Limitation of the see-and-avoid principle

24
Q

What was the safety issues of a Citation and a C172?

A

See-and-avoid
Failure to turn on xpndr
Role of ATC

25
Q

What was the probable cause of a Citation and a C172?

A

Failure of both pilots to see and avoid each other

Failure of the C172 pilot to turn on the xpndr

26
Q

What were contributing factors for a Citation and C172?

A

Controllers failure to observe a traffic conflict

Lack of radar conflict alert capability

27
Q

What was the C172 pilots background?

A

Took shortcuts

Many violations

28
Q

What was the safety issue of Aeromexico 498 and a Cherokee?

A

See-and-avoid
Airspace intrusion
Role of ATC

29
Q

What was the probable cause of Aeromexico 498 and a Cherokee?

A

Limitations of the ATC system to provide collision protection

30
Q

What was the contributing factor of Aeromexico 498 and a Cherokee?

A

Inadvertent and unauthorized entry of the Cherokee in LAX Class B airspace
Cherokee pilot was lost and made a wrong turn
Limitation of the see-and-avoid concept
Controller was distracted by another A/C

31
Q

What were the safety issues of PSA 182 and a C172?

A

See-and-avoid
Role of ATC
Radio phraseology
Cockpit discipline

32
Q

What was the probable cause of PSA 182 and a C172?

A

Failure of the 727 crew to comply with the visual-separation clearance
Not informing the controller that visual contact was lost

33
Q

What were contributing factors of PSA 182 and a C172?

A

Failure of the controller to advise PSA 182 of the C172 flight path
Failure of the C172 pilot to maintain assigned heading
Improper resolution by the controller

34
Q

Why do we study mechanical disasters?

A

Fly the airplane

Don’t give up

35
Q

What were the safety issues of TWA 800?

A

Fuel tank ignition sources
Fuel tank flammability
Design and certification standards
Maintenance and aging A/C systems

36
Q

What was the probable cause of TWA 800?

A

Explosion of the center wing fuel tank resulting from the ignition of the flammable fuel-air mixture in the tank

37
Q

What was a contributing factor of TWA 800?

A

Design and certification concept of the CWT

38
Q

What was the probable cause of United 585 and US Air 427?

A

Ruddder hardover

39
Q

What happened to Eastwind 517?

A

Experienced rudder hard over but were able to land and help solve the riddle

40
Q

What were the probable causes of United 585?

A

Flight control malfunction

Weather

41
Q

What were the safety issues of ValuJet 592?

A

In-flight fire

Hazardous cargo

42
Q

What was the probable cause of ValuJet 592?

A

Fire in the cargo compartment

Initiated by the actuation of one or more oxygen generators being improperly carried as cargo

43
Q

What was the safety issues of United 232?

A

Catastrophic engine failure
CRM
ADM
Cockpit discipline

44
Q

What was the probable cause of United 232?

A

inadequate engine overhaul
Failure to detect fatigue crack
Debris to penetrate hydraulic systems

45
Q

What was the probable cause of Air France 4590?

A

High-speed passage over a piece of metal causing the tire to explode
Damaging the fuel tank
Ignition of the leaking fuel

46
Q

What were safety issues of Air France Flight 4590?

A

Debris on the runway

47
Q

How could Air France 4590 have been avoided?

A

Reinforce fuel tanks

48
Q

What were safety issues of AA 191?

A

Maintenance induced A/C damage

Asymmetrical configuration

49
Q

What was the probable cause of AA 191?

A

Asymmetrical stall
Ensuing roll
Separation of number one engine during T/O

50
Q

What were contributing factors of AA 191?

A

Vulnerability of pylon attach points to maintenance damage
Vulnerability of leading-edge slat to maintenance damage
Deficiencies in FAA surveillance

51
Q

Which way did the engine of AA 191 go?

A

Over the top of the wing

Aviation Safety (2 decks)

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