exam 2.2 Flashcards by Marsha G

Which eukaryotic microbes are photosynthetic?

Algae, like diatoms and dinoflagellates

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Which eukaryotic microbes are
unicellular

Amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium (malaria), giardia, diatoms, dinoflagellates, yeast

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Which eukaryotic microbes are multicellular?

aspergillus, penicillium, green algae, red algae

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Which eukaryotic microbes are multicellular and unicellular?

algae like chlamydomonas and fungi like candida albicans and yeast.

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What allows motility in eukaryotic microbes?

flagella, cilia, pseudopod

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What does asexual reproduction of a fungi yield

identical offspring called spores

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What is the difference between yeast and mold?

Yeast: unicellular, budding
Mold: multicellular, reproduce by spores

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Describe the infection cycle of Aspergillus

inhalation of spores, germination, invasion of host tissues, production of toxins and spores

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Describe the cell wall of fungi, list all structural
components, why is this important when
considering treatment

made of chitin and cellulose for structural support, beta-glucans, and mannoproteins. Helps prevent resistance to drugs if you don’t use the wrong one

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What is hyphae

long, thread-like structures that make up the mycelium of fungi. they help with nutrient acquisition and reproduction.

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What is a saprobe and why is important for fungi to have this characteristic

Organism that feeds on dead or decaying matter. help decompose organic material

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What does it mean that a fungus is dimorphic

a dimorphic fungus has the ability to alternate between two distinct forms—mold and yeast—depending on environmental factors like temperature

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What is the difference between bacterial flagella
and eukaryotic flagella

bacteria flagella rotate while eukaryotic have a whip-like movement or wave-like movement

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Give two functions of eukaryotic cilia

Movement, and movement of fluid

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Define apicomplexans and describe definitive host and intermediate host requirements

Apicomplexan: group of protozoa with an apical complex used for host cell invasion
Definitive host: final host where sexual reproduction occurs
Intermediate: temporary host where asexual reproduction occurs

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for red and green algae, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion (some species via contaminated water or food)
Transmission: Water, food
Pathogenesis: Some species produce toxins
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Rare skin and soft tissue infections

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for secondary algae, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion (toxic species in contaminated water or food)
Transmission: Water, food
Pathogenesis: Some produce harmful algal blooms
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Fish kills, toxin-related illnesses in humans

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for Dinoflagellates, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion of contaminated shellfish
Transmission: Water, marine food chain
Pathogenesis: Produce neurotoxins
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)

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for Diatoms, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion of contaminated seafood
Transmission: Water, food
Pathogenesis: neurotoxin
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)

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for Amoebas, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion (contaminated food/water), nasal passages (contaminated water)
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, waterborne
Pathogenesis: Tissue lysis, cytotoxins
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Amoebic dysentery, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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for Alveolates, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Varies by species (ingestion, inhalation, vector-borne)
Transmission: Water, food, vectors
Pathogenesis: Varies (toxins, cell invasion, immune evasion)
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Includes ciliates and apicomplexans infections

for Apicomplexans, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Insect bite, ingestion (contaminated food/water)
Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito for malaria), fecal-oral
Pathogenesis: Host cell invasion, immune evasion
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis

for Ciliates, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion (contaminated food/water)
Transmission: Fecal-oral route
Pathogenesis: Produces proteolytic enzymes that damage the intestinal mucosa
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Balantidiasis (diarrheal disease)

for Plasmodium falciparum, what are:
* Portal(s) of entry
* Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces,
etc.)
* Pathogenesis (virulence factors)
* Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Mosquito bite
Transmission: Vector (Anopheles mosquito)
Pathogenesis: Red blood cell invasion, immune evasion, cytokine release
Potential Infection(s) Caused: Malaria

for Trypanosomes , what are: * Portal(s) of entry * Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces, etc.) * Pathogenesis (virulence factors) * Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Insect bite Transmission: Vector-borne (tsetse fly for T. brucei, kissing bug for T. cruzi) Pathogenesis: Antigenic variation, immune evasion Potential Infection(s) Caused: African sleeping sickness

for Metamonads , what are: * Portal(s) of entry * Transmission (vector, soil, water, food, feces, etc.) * Pathogenesis (virulence factors) * Potential infection(s) caused

Portal(s) of Entry: Ingestion (contaminated food/water) Transmission: Fecal-oral route, waterborne Pathogenesis: malabsorption Potential Infection(s) Caused: Giardiasis (diarrheal disease)

Which protist has pseudopods and what is the function

amoebas, they use it for moving and engulfing food

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Nematodes (round worms)

Transmission: Fecal-oral, skin penetration, vector-borne Portal of Entry: Mouth, skin

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Trematodes (Flukes)

Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food (fish, crustaceans), skin penetration from water Portal of Entry: Mouth, skin

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Cestodes (Tapeworms)

Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked meat or contaminated food/water Portal of Entry: Mouth

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Pinworm

Transmission: Fecal-oral (ingestion of eggs from contaminated hands/surfaces) Portal of Entry: Mouth

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Hookworm

Transmission: Skin penetration from contaminated soil Portal of Entry: Skin (usually feet)

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Ascaris lumbricoides

Transmission: Fecal-oral (ingestion of contaminated food/water) Portal of Entry: Mouth

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Guinea Worm

Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated water containing infected copepods Portal of Entry: Mouth

Identify the mode of transmission and portal of entry for Flatworms

Transmission: Skin penetration from contaminated freshwater Portal of Entry: Skin

Which of the helminths discussed, is the most pathogenic and why?

Ascaris lumbricoides is the most pathogenic due to its high worm burden, potential for intestinal obstruction, lung migration phase, and systemic complications.

Differentiate between mites, scabies, lice, and ticks; how do they each cause disease

Mites: infest skin/hair, cause irritation Scabies: burrowing, intense itching rash Lice: attach to hair and feed on blood, itching Ticks: Blood feeding, lyme disease

What is the vector for toxoplasma gondii and what disease does it cause?

cats; toxoplasmosis

What is the vector for Plasmodium falciparum and what disease does it cause?

mosquito; malaria

What is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi and what disease does it cause?

tick; lyme disease

What is an algae bloom and how does it cause disease

rapid overgrowth of algae in water. toxins

What is a virus?

a non-cellular infectious agent composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat, which requires a host cell to replicate.

Define a virion

small infectious particle made of nucleic acid core and protein coat

define a viroid

small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecule that lacks a protein coat and causes plant diseases by interfering with host gene expression.

Define a prion

misfolded infectious protein no nucleic acid, just protein

Identify differences between a virus and other living cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Viruses are acellular, lack metabolism, cannot reproduce independently, and require a host cell, whereas prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are living, have metabolism, grow, and reproduce on their own.

Describe the 3 basic structural components of a virus

DNA/RNA Capsid Envelope

What is an enveloped virus and how is it obtained; how does it enter a cell?

a virus that has an outer lipid membrane (envelope) derived from the host cell's membrane. obtained from budding off host cell, enter through fusion or endocytosis

What categories of proteins do viruses code for

structural proteins (capsid/envelope) non-structural (replication, transcription, translation, polymerases, proteases)