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Epi > Exam 2 Zoonoses from Milk & Water > Flashcards

Exam 2 Zoonoses from Milk & Water Flashcards

1
Q

Classic Milk born pathogens

A
  • Mycobacterium bovis
  • Brucella spp.
  • Coxiella burnetii
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2
Q

Mycobacterium bovis: What disease in people

A

Tuberculosis, intestinal TB

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3
Q

Mycobacterium bovis: What USA Control Program

A

Eradication in cattle

Pasteurization

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4
Q

Brucella spp: What disease in people

A

Undulant fever

Malta fever

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5
Q

Brucella spp: Waht USA Control Program

A

Eradication in cattle
Eradication in swine
Pasteurization

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6
Q

Coxiella burnetii: What disease in people

A

Q fever

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7
Q

Coxiella burnetii: What USA Control Measure

A

Pasturization

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8
Q

What organism is modern pasteurization based on?

A

Coxiella burnetii

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9
Q

In addition to milk, how can these organisms be transmitted?

A
  • percutaneous or mucous membrane contact with infectious fluids
  • aerosol exposure
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10
Q

What people or premises are at risk?

A

Veterinarians
Farms
Abattoir workers

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11
Q

When isn’t the milk pasteurized?

A
  • Farmers on the farm
  • Foreign travel
  • “Raw Milk”
  • Imported soft cheeses
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12
Q

M. bovis and M. tuberculosis cannot be distinguished vis skin test (T/F)

A

True

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13
Q

10-30% of “M. tuberculosis” cases in countries that don’t pasteurize milk or test cattle are actually M. bovis. (T/F)

A

True

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14
Q

M. bovis transmission routes

A
  • aerosol
  • oral: intestinal form seen in cats and people
  • percutaneous: causes lymphadenopathy, can become systemic
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15
Q

Controlling M. bovis

A
  • eliminate animal reservoir (test-and-slaughter); difficult controlling wild reservoir & mexican cattle
  • milk pasteurization: doesn’t protect workers
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16
Q

Brucella & Coxiella diagnosis difficulties

A

Need good suspicion to help with diagnosis.
Bruc: “undulant or Malta fever,” recurrent , can last for months. Abortion possible. pleiomorphic symptoms
Cox: “Q fever” nonspecific fever. Abortions possible.pleiomorphic symptoms

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17
Q

Brucella melitensis

A
  • most pathogenic for people
  • goats (& sheep, caribou, pigs, dogs…)
  • Mediterranean & goat-farming areas
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18
Q

Brucella abortus

A
  • pathogenic in people
  • Cattle (bison, buffalo, elk…)
  • worldwide, except where eradicated
19
Q

Brucella suis & canis

A

less pathogenic for people

20
Q

Brucella transmission

A

-ingestion
-mucous membane exposure
-percutaneous inoculation
(B. canis rare in humans, but several vet cases from blood contact)

21
Q

Brucella control

A
  • eliminate reservoir (vaccination, milk monitored, testing on sale, slaughter of infected animals)
  • swine monitored
  • pasteurization of milk
22
Q

Coxiella burnetti: Q fever

A
  • basis of pasteurization standards
  • infects all dairy species (subclinical mastitis??)
  • NO Eradication program in US. >90% of herds are positive
  • Pasteurization
23
Q

Coxiella burnetti transmission

A
  • Aerosol Exposure very infectious!

- Environmental contamination from: aborted placenta & fetus, milk & feces. Survives in water, soil, milk, meat

24
Q

Problems with control of milk born organizms

A
  • wildlife reservoirs reinfect herds
  • social cost
  • compliance of owners
25
Q

Which is worse: water or food born?

A

Water

  • difficult to kill with chlorine, must filter water
  • environmentally stable life stage, can survive for months in water
  • can also contaminate surface of food
26
Q

Cryptosporidum parvum

A
  • zoonotic
  • cattle are reservoir
  • typically rural settings
  • flooding of waste ponds into surface water
27
Q

Cryptosporidium hominis

A
  • human-to-human
  • urban municipal water systems
  • seware treatment doesn’t always kill oocysts
28
Q

Giardia

A
  • affects many species (which then become infectious)
  • 200 million people have it, but only 50,000 cases are reported
  • 10-20% of cattle have type A
  • up to 50% of cats & dogs have Type A or B
  • humans have type A or B
29
Q

Cryptosporidiosis in people

A
  • usually mild
  • diarrhea
  • severe disease in immunocompromised pt.
30
Q

Giardia in people

A
  • chronic intestinal infection
  • intermittent shedding of cysts
  • young children “amplify”
31
Q

Prevention of crypto & giardia

A
  • proper filtration of drinking water
  • wash produce
  • reduce exposure to recreational water
  • no diapers in swimming pools
32
Q

Estimate of US surface water contaminated with giardia

A

97%

33
Q

Leptospira reservoirs

A
  • waterborne
  • domestic & wild animals
  • clinical disease in people, dogs, livestock, horses, ect
34
Q

Leptospira infects which system?

A

Urinary

  • bacteria in urine for >1 year
  • causes renal insufficiency and sometimes hepatic damage
35
Q

Leptospira infection via

A
  • warm freshwater or mud
  • ingestion of contaminated water
  • mucous membrane or broken skin contact
  • contact with contaminated urine
36
Q

Leptospira acute diesase

A 
-fever, depression, lethargy
\+/- icterus
-Headache/malaise/ocular pain
-Acute renal damage or failure
-May have biliary stasis, hepatic necrosis
37
Q

Leptospira chronic disease

A
  • LA abortions, stillbirths, weak offspring

- Chronic renal insufficiency

38
Q

Control of Leptospirosis

A
  • reduce reservoir (rodent control, treatment w/ Ab, vaccines)
  • reduce human exposure (clean/treated water supply, PPE when suspected case)
39
Q

Trematode life cycle

A
  • Definitive host= vertebrate
  • Intermediate host(s)- aquatic
  • Accidental hosts can be infected percutaneously
40
Q

Schistosomiasis

A
  • 2nd most important human parasite after Malaria

- Africa, South America, South/southeast Asia

41
Q

Schistosomiasis control

A
  • avaid swimming in freshwater

- treat reservoir hosts; kill intermediate molluscs

42
Q

Schistosomiasis in humans

A
  • Swimmer’s itch
  • skin invasion by aquatic stage of bird trematodes
  • humans are accidental hosts- can result in skin lesions
43
Q

Fasciola (cattle liver flukes)

A
  • cattle/sheep infected via vegetation near streams with snails
  • humans infected by contaminated vegetable (ie watercress), NOT via eating liver
44
Q

4 organisms that cause bovine abortion and are zoonotic

A
  • Brucella abortus
  • Leptospira spp.
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Listeria monocytogenes

Epi (11 decks)

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