01 Disease Reservoirs and Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Disease transmission is a result of

A

interaction between the host, agent, and environment

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2
Q

John Snow

A

1841 published evidence that cholera is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and by the water supply

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3
Q

Robert Koch

A

1876 first isolated the bacterium –and used experimental infection of naïve animals to prove that B. anthraciscauses anthrax

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4
Q

Pasteur

A

1881 developed and tested an early vaccine in sheep, goats, and cattle

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5
Q

Typhoid Mary

A

Asymptomatic Carrier, Caused several outbreaks of typhoid fever (SalmonellaTyphi = anthroponotic) between 1900-1915

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6
Q

Ronald Ross

A

1897 malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes; some credit the discovery to the Italian scientist, Grassi

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7
Q

Walter Reed

A

1900 yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes

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8
Q

In disease prevention, knowing the _____ is generally more important than ______

A

mode of transmission, identifying the specific agent

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9
Q

“Chain” of Infection

A

host susceptability-pathogenic microorganism-reservior-means of escape-mode of transmission-means of entry

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10
Q

Reservoir definition

A

habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies (humans, animals, or the environment)

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11
Q

Reservoirs do this

A

maintain pathogens over time, from year to year or generation to generation

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12
Q

3 questions to define a reservior

A
  1. Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
  2. Can that species of animal (etc.) maintain the pathogen over time?
  3. Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
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13
Q

Two questions concerning reservoirs in practical disease control

A

1) Can an acceptable level of control be accomplished without consideration of a reservoir?
2) If not, what populations constitute the reservoir?

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14
Q

Clinically ill animals that are reservoir competent are probably infectious (T/F)

A

True

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15
Q

Asymptomatic animals can be infectious = carrier (T/F)

A

True

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16
Q

All sick animals are reservoirs (T/F)

A

False

17
Q

Verticle transmission includes

A
  • Congenital: some pathogens can cross the placenta, infect eggs, etc.
  • Perinatal: during parturition, via colostrum
18
Q

Horizontal transmission includes

A
  • Direct: directly from the reservoir to a susceptible host

- Indirect: via any sort of intermediary, animate or inanimate

19
Q

Direct contact

A

Skin-skin contact, mucous membrane contact (including sexual transmission), direct contact with a soil reservoir, bite, scratch, etc

20
Q

Direct projection

A

-aka droplet spread

–Wet, large, and short range aerosols (sneezing, coughing or talking)

21
Q

Airborne*

A

Considered to be a form of direct transmission because disease agents do not generally survive for extended periods within aerosolized particles

22
Q

Vehicle

A

An inanimate object which serves to communicate disease.

23
Q

Vector

A

A living organism that serves to communicate disease.

24
Q

Common vehicles

A

–Food, water

–Contaminated IV drugs

25
Q

Fomites

A

Object that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale

26
Q

Mechanical vector

A

the agent DOES NOT multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod

27
Q

Biological vector

A

the agent undergoes changes or multiples while in the vector; these activities are required for transmission