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Vision Science 2 w/ Shwartz text > Exam 2 - Week 4 to 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Week 4 to 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cells contain Opsin?

A

GC’s and PR’s

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2
Q

In the IPL, which cells synapse?

A

GC’s, Amacrine and BC’s

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3
Q

Which two cells in the retina provide an action potential?

A

GC and Amacrine

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4
Q

What type of processing occurs in the visual system?

A

Parallel Processing

Note: Starts from the beginning of the eye

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5
Q

What sides of the eye, crosses over at the Chiasm?

A

Nasal

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6
Q

If you have information from the left visual field, where in the LGN will it synapse?

A

Right LGN of the Thalamus

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7
Q

If you have a lesion at the Optic nerve of the right eye, what would be the effect?

A

Loss of all vision in the right eye

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8
Q

If you have a lesion at the Optic Chiasm, what vision would you lose?

A

Temporal visual field (Bitemporal Hemionopsia)

Note: The NASAL part of the retina is damaged or cannot relay the information

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9
Q

What is the most common clinical cause of a Bitemporal Heminopsia?

A

Tumor on the Pituatary Gland

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10
Q

What visual field is lost when there is a lesion at the right optic tract?

A

Visual information from the left visual field for both eyes will be lost - Left Homonymous

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11
Q

Where does Meyer’s loop dive into prior to going to the Occipital lobe?

A

Temporal lobe

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12
Q

What information does Meyer’s loop carry?

A

Information pretaining to the UPPER visual world

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13
Q

If there is a lesion at the right meyer’s loop, what is this lesion called?

A

Quadrantaopia

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14
Q

If there is a tumor in the Parietal lobe, what information is lost?

A

Inferior

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15
Q

If there is a lesion just prior to the LGN?

A

Effects periphery and part of the retina

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16
Q

Why is the central vision spared when there is a lesion at the primary visual cortex?

A

Foveal information is given superior compared to periphery.

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17
Q

What is Intensity based on in retinal images?

A

Wavelength, Time from both of the eyes

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18
Q

What are the Primary Sensory cues?

A

Luminance and Spectral (color information - processed in blobs and then into globs)

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19
Q

What are the feature based Sensory cues?

A

Contrast
2D velocity
Disparity
2D orieintation

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20
Q

What are the 4 inferred attributes?

A
  1. 3D form
  2. Surface properties
  3. 3D Spatial relationships
  4. 3D Movement
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21
Q

What are 3D forms of inferred attributes?

A

Shape, Size and Rigidity

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22
Q

What type of information do bistratified GC’s information send their information to?

A

Koniocellular (5%)

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23
Q

What type of information do Midget GC’s information send their information to?

A

Parvocellular

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24
Q

What type of information do Parasol GC’s information send their information to?

A

Magnocellular

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25
Q

How many layers are there in the LGN?

A

6
Magno = 1 and 2
Parvo = 2 to 6

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26
Q

From the ipsilateral side, what layers are impacted

A

2, 3, and 5

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27
Q

From the contralateral side, what layers are impacted?

A

1, 4 and 6

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28
Q

What layer of the LGN helps with color coding?

A

Parvo - from cones

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29
Q

What layer of the LGN helps with a sustained response?

A

Parvo

Note: Magno is transient

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30
Q

What layer of the LGN helps with high frequency sensitivity?

A

Magno

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31
Q

Which cells is faster than its counterpart, Magno or Pravo?

A

Magno

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32
Q

Which layer of the LGN has a high linearity?

A

Parvo - remember they are a cone base system

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33
Q

Which LGN layer has a higher response to contrast?

A

Magno - they are base on rods, thus they saturate fast

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34
Q

What cell represent the Parvo system?

A

4Ca

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35
Q

What source is for the Konio?

A

Blue cones

Note: Parvo would be the L and M cones

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36
Q

What is the largest amount of cells in the LGN system?

A

Magno - 95% (think of rods when you think of Magno)

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37
Q

When you have a transient system, goes on and then off and then on, what system is functioning?

A

Konio

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38
Q

What does the Frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain?

A

The frog has 4 cells
Contrast- Presence of a boundary
Convexity - tells you motion of an object I.e A fly
Movement detector-environment moving around it
Dimming detector - dimming in the largest area, weighted by distance from the the center.Ie. survival for protection.

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39
Q

What are two attributes about an X cell (Parvo)

A

Contrast and linear

Note: X cells have a null point, which is on the on light and off light response. Y cells cannot have a null point.

Note: Parvo cells are color OPPONENT….This means there is a different reaction to all wavelengths of color.

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40
Q

What are the two attributes about a Y-cell

A

Transient and non-linear (Magno)

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41
Q

What are the 2 attributes of the X-cell?

A

Sustained and linear (Parvo)

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42
Q

True or False, Magno cells are color opponent?

A

False.

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43
Q

Which cells are color opponent?

A

Konio and Parvo

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44
Q

True or False. GC’s are color selective?

A

True

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45
Q

What type of GC is connected to the Circadian Clock?

A

Melanopsin cells.

Note: Circadian clock is connected to Super Chiasmatic Nucleus

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46
Q

Are GC’s Orientation selective or Direction selective?

A

Direction selective - depends on where the light comes from.

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47
Q

What gives the GC its direction selection?

A

Axon to Dendrite

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48
Q

There are two types of movements that are prominent when reading?

A

Pursuit and Saccade

49
Q

What type of GC cells do the Koniocellular input from?

A

Bi stratified

50
Q

What parts of the brain are crucial with smooth pursuit eye movement?

A

Medial Temporal and frontal lobe (cognitive processing)

51
Q

What is the optomotor cycle eye movement?

A

A cognitive process: Attention/Decision –> something moves and you have a reflex to fixate/track it –> stop and saccade back to new movement/stimulus

52
Q

What part of a sentence takes the longest, beginning, middle or end?

A

Beginning

53
Q

When we are having a conversation with an individual, which part of the face do we focus on the most?

A

Eyes

54
Q

What is Dr. Cameron’s favorite band?

A

Ok Go - This is a test question

55
Q

What is the greatest visual illusion?

A

Reading

56
Q

What does the Brainstem encode?

A

Balance and Vestibular system

Note: Generate smooth pursuit and saccades.

57
Q

What are the eye fields that project to the brainstem?

A

Frontal Eye Field, pre-frontal eye fields, parietal eye fields and Medial Superior Temporal (MST)

58
Q

What are eye fields?

A

Collecting information from V1, V2 and V3

59
Q

What visual pathway will include auditory information?

A

Parietal Frontal Eye Field

60
Q

What area do CN 3, 4 and 6 communicate with?

A

the Brainstem

61
Q

What is the primary visual pathway?

A

Contralateral eye (Medial) : LGN –> Area 17 (V1) –> (MT-MST-NOT) –> FEF (cognitive input) –> Brainstem nuclei/cerebellum (balance) –> CN 3 and 6 = saccades and pursuits

Note: The ipsilateral (Lateral) will get a direct input from NOT and give info to MT and MST, which then can give info to the brainstem nuclei (Pons)

62
Q

Which region does nystagmus occur in?

A

Brainstem (Pons)

63
Q

How do we test for Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN)?

A

Moving a grating, which causes involuntary nystagmus

Note: If the grating cannot be controlled, then there is a problem in the visual system

64
Q

What important vitamin is necessary for developing eye?

A

Vitamin A or Retinoic acid (derivative of Vitamin A - also meant for development of the eye)

65
Q

Which two CN are the most important for generating smooth pursuit?

A

3 and 6

66
Q

When building up for a saccade, what important nuclei is important for relaying information?

A

Pontine Nuclei

67
Q

Which area is meant for fixation?

A

LGN, Area 17, MT and MST

area’s 17, 18, 19, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 39

68
Q

What is the visual cortex broad man areas?

A

17, 18 and 19

69
Q

What is the primary visual cortex?

A

Broadman 17

70
Q

Where are the visual eye fields located in the brain?

A

Pre-frontal lobe (area 8 - pre motor)

71
Q

What is another name for the V1, other than the primary visual cortex?

A

Striate cortex

72
Q

What sulcus does the Broadman 17 go deep into?

A

Calcarine Sulcus

73
Q

If you dye the striate cortex, what eye would represent the black and the white section?

A 
Black = right eye
White = left eye

This is a vague question, sorry everyone.

74
Q

What represents the black spot on the visual field representation?

A

Blind spot = Optic nerve

75
Q

If the left visual cortex is being looked at, what part of the vision is being look at?

A

Right vision

76
Q

What pathway does the Dorsal system take it to?

A

Magnocellular - “where pathway”

77
Q

What pathway does the ventral system take it to the brain?

A

Parvocellular - “what pathway”

78
Q

What are two distinct cells located in the Striate Cortex?

A

Simple and Complex cells

79
Q

Once information has been sent to the LGN from GC’s, what cells take in the information prior to sending the information off to complex cells?

A

Simple cells

80
Q

In the Hubel and Wiesel experiment, what type of GC had a diminished response to diffuse light?

A

On center GC

81
Q

In the Hubel and Wiesel experiment, what type of GC had a strong response to diffuse light?

A

Off center GC

82
Q

True or False, Simple cells are orientation selective?

A

True

Note: Test question

83
Q

In the Hubel and Wiesel cells, what cells represented the X markings?

A

Off simple cells

Note: the x cells were the off cells

84
Q

True or False, Simple cells have an antagonist off and on receptive field?

A

False. Antagonist = On and Receptive Field= Off

85
Q

For edge detectors, they can see large areas and _____ areas

A

Fine area

86
Q

Bar detectors. the can see _____ objects for certain larger areas

A

Smaller

87
Q

What is the summation properties for simple cells?

A

Covering the inhibitory, you get more inhibitory. If you cover the excitatory you will get more excitatory

88
Q

What is another term for mutual antagonism for simple cells?

A

Lateral inhibition

89
Q

What gives you the strongest response for simple cells?

A

off region to on region and then to off region

90
Q

What type of information does a GC send off to the V1 when you are trying to pay attention?

A

Rough Unstructured acquired data

91
Q

What does it mean Dr. Cameron mentions Simple cells have mutual antagonism?

A

The off response will decrease the on response, while the on response will decrease the off response

92
Q

What type of detector is our brain, contrast or luminance detector?

A

Contrast detector

Note: It remembers and compares things in terms of brightness and not actually how they are

93
Q

True or False, the brain only interprets the lighting on the image not the light itself.

A

True

94
Q

When observing the Hermann grid, you see little black dots at the square intersection, what part of the retina do the smudges occur?

A

Peripheral to the focal point

95
Q

In regards to the Hermann Grid, what does between the blocks represent?

A

Great contrast selectivity

96
Q

At the intersection of the Hermann grid, why are does that area appear darker (smudges)?

A

Greater Antagonism on the surrounds around the on center ganglion cells

97
Q

Is the effect size dependent for ganglion cell theory?

A

According to the theory yes, but in reality there is NO effect shown for size dependency

98
Q

Should contrast reversal cause the effect for ganglion cell theory?

A

Yes, contrast reversal should nullify the effect

99
Q

Should the effect persist with a similar relationship between the stimulus and the receptive fields?

A

No, the effect does not persist with a similar relationship between the stimulus and the receptive fields.

100
Q

Does the discharge and distribution of retinal ganglion cells fit?

A

No, discharge and distribution of retinal ganglion cells don’t fit

101
Q

Does the spatial arrangement of receptive fields fit the hypothesis?

A

No.

102
Q

Is the ganglion theory dependant on size?

A

No.

Note: Change the size, the illusion will persists

103
Q

Is the ganglion cell reverse contrast, does the illusion go away?

A

No. The smudges on the right are black and on the left they are white

104
Q

Looking at the scintillating grid, what is the most important part for this test?

A

Contrast, even in red and gray colors

105
Q

Are ganglion cells orientation selective?

A

No

106
Q

In regards to the Ganglion cell theory, does discharge fit?

A

No, we dark adapted and the illusion still presists

107
Q

Does the spatial arrangement of receptive fields fit the hypothesis ?

A

No

108
Q

What cells are responsible for ganglion cells theory illusion?

A

Simple cells

- Orientation selective

109
Q

Which cell has a larger receptive field, Simple or Complex?

A

Complex

110
Q

Are complex cells orientation selective?

A

Yes

Note: They are also direction selective

111
Q

What are “hyper” complex cells sensitive to?

A

Stimulus length

112
Q

Do complex cells have antagonistic receptive fields?

A

No, they are spatially invariant RF

113
Q

What types of cells make up in V1, complex or simple?

A

Complex, 75% in Broadman 17, 18 and 19

114
Q

What are the chances of flashes you can’t see, what is the accuracy occuring with blindsight?

A

4.66 x 10^14

115
Q

If there is damage to V1 but the retina is fine, can the effected individual still detect anything?

A

Yes, the individual can detect location and movement

116
Q

In which specific lobe module, do we have neurons that are selective for moving contours?

A

Hint: Flowing river analogy

MT lobe

117
Q

What type of imaging is an important technique for understanding how cortical processing works?

A

fMRI

118
Q

What is Akinetopsia?

A

Inability to detect motion

119
Q

Where is the most common area for lesion to occur for visual neglect?

A

Parietal Lobe

Vision Science 2 w/ Shwartz text (5 decks)

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