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Genetics Exam #1 Vocab > Exam #2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam #2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Aneuploidy

A

a single or a few chromosomes different from the whole set

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2
Q

Barr Body

A

an inactive X chromosome that’s present in most female mammals

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3
Q

Bottleneck

A

evolutionary event that reduces a population’s genetic variation

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4
Q

Chiasmata

A

X-shaped structures that form during meiosis where homologous chromosomes physically cross over and exchange genetic material

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5
Q

Coefficient of Coincidence

A

measure of how much one crossover interferes with other crossovers during meiosis

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6
Q

Conjugation

A

The process where one bacterium directly transfers genetic material to another bacterium through cell-to-cell contact

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7
Q

Cri du Chat Syndrome

A

“cry of the cat” - section of 5th chromosome is missing

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8
Q

Crossing Over

A

the process where genetic material is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis resulting in new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes and contributing to genetic diversity in offspring

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9
Q

Double-Crossover

A

a situation where two separate chromosomal crossovers occur between the same two homologous chromosomes at different locations

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10
Q

Down Syndrome

A

occurs when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21

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11
Q

Duplication

A

duplicated some of the genetic material in a chromosome

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12
Q

Edwards Syndrome

A

nondisjunction of the 18th chromosome

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13
Q

Euploidy

A

a term used to describe an organism or cell that has a complete set of chromosomes or a multiple of that set

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14
Q

F1 Cell

A

the first generation of offspring that result from crossing two distinctly different parental types

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15
Q

F- Cell

A

a bacterial cell that lacks the fertility factor (F factor)

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16
Q

F Pilus

A

helical filaments that extend from the surface of Escherichia coli cells and are involved in the process of conjugation

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17
Q

F+ Cell

A

contains fertility factor, can donate F factor to an F- cell during conjugation

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18
Q

Founder Effect

A

a genetic phenomenon that occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population

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19
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

most common form of mental retardation, section of X chromosome is fragile and could fall off

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20
Q

Genetic Drift

A

a random process that causes the frequency of a gene or variant or allele to change in a population over time

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21
Q

Heterogametic Sex

A

the one in which the sex chromosomes differ (males)

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22
Q

Hfr Cell

A

bacteria that have a conjugative plasmid integrated into their DNA

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23
Q

Homogametic Sex

A

females

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24
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

the process by which genetic material is exchanged between organisms that are not related by parent and offspring

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25
Q

Intercalary Deletion

A

a type of mutation that occurs when a part of a chromosome is lost from its interior

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26
Q

Interference

A

non-random distribution of crossovers along chromosomes during meiosis

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27
Q

Jacob’s Syndrome

A

47 XYY syndrome, male children have an extra Y chromosome

28
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

male is born with an extra X chromosome, 47 XXY

29
Q

Linkage

A

the tendency of genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis

30
Q

Lyctic Cycle

A

viral replication cycle that involves a virus injecting its DNA into a host cell and using the hosts’s machinery to make more viruses

31
Q

Lyon Hypothesis

A

a theory that one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development

32
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

a viral reproduction cycle in which a virus’s DNA integrates into the host cell’s DNA and replicates along with it

33
Q

Macroevolution

A

the process of evolution that occurs at or above the species level, resulting in large and complex changes

34
Q

Maternal Effect

A

when an organism’s phenotype is influenced by its mother’s environment and genotype in addition to its own environment and genotype

35
Q

Microevolution

A

the change in gene frequencies within a population over a short period of time

36
Q

Monosomy

A

loss of one chromosome

37
Q

Natural Selection

A

a mechanism of evolution that explains how organisms that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes to the next generation

38
Q

Non-crossover

A

having or being chromosomes that have not participated in genetic crossing-over

39
Q

Non-disjunction

A

a genetic term referring to the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division resulting in daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes

40
Q

Non-reciprocal Translocation

A

a type of chromosomal abnormality where a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, but there is no exchange of genetic material happening simultaneously from the other chromosome

41
Q

Organelle Heredity

A

the inheritance of genetic information contained within organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts

42
Q

P-arm

A

short arm of a chromosome

43
Q

Paracentric Inversion

A

a chromosomal rearrangement that occurs when a chromosome arm breaks into two places, rotates 180 degrees, and then reattaches to its original location

44
Q

Patau Syndrome

A

nondisjunction of the 13th chromosome, probably only live a few days

45
Q

Phage

A

composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome

46
Q

Plasmid

A

a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that can replicate independently of a cell’s chromosomal DNA

47
Q

Polylpoidy

A

multiples of whole sets

48
Q

Pseudoautosomal Region

A

a homologous region of nucleotides on the X and Y chromosomes that allows for recombination and pairing during meiosis

49
Q

Pyrimidine Ring

A

essential for establishing our genetic code

50
Q

Q-arm

A

long arm of the chromosome

51
Q

Recombinant Reciprocal Translocation

A

a type of gene rearrangement where two chromosomes exchange pieces of chromosomal material

52
Q

Sex-determining Region

A

located on the Y chromosome

53
Q

Single Crossover

A

when homologous chromosomes are aligned and chromatids from two different chromosomes can exchange segments resulting in genetic recombination

54
Q

Terminal Deletion

A

end part of chromosome is missing

55
Q

Testis-determining Factor

A

gene on the Y chromosome

56
Q

Transduction

A

a process that can refer to the transfer of genetic material between organisms or the conversion of energy or a message into another form

57
Q

Transformation

A

the process by which a cell or organism takes in and incorporates genetic material from its environment

58
Q

Translocation

A

location of a gene has changed from one location to another

59
Q

Triplo-X

A

3X chromosomes, occurs in females

60
Q

Trisomy

A

gain of one chromosome

61
Q

Tsix

A

non-coding RNA gene that plays a key role in X chromosome inactivation

62
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

a genetic disorder that affects development and appearance in females

63
Q

Vertical Gene Transfer

A

the process by which genetic information, including mutations is passed down from a parent to its offspring

64
Q

Xic

A

X-inactivated center

65
Q

Xist

A

non-coding RNA transcribed from the X chromosome of the placental mammals

Genetics Exam #1 Vocab (2 decks)

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