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Genetics Exam #1 Vocab > Exam #1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam #1 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele

A

a variant of a gene, a different version of a DNA sequence

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2
Q

Anaphase

A

stage of mitosis where cells divide, and duplicated chromosomes are separated and move to opposite sides of the cell

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3
Q

Centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division

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4
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelles found in plant and algal cells that perform photosynthesis and other vital functions

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

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6
Q

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

A

states that chromosomes are the physical bases of heredity and are responsible for carrying genes

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

a structure found inside the nucleus of a cell, composed of DNA and proteins, which carries genetic information for an organism

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8
Q

Co-dominance

A

a genetic inheritance pattern where two alleles of a gene are expressed equally, resulting in the appearance of both traits in an individual

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9
Q

Cross Pollination

A

the process of transferring pollen from one plant to another

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10
Q

Crossing Over

A

cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up

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11
Q

Diploid

A

a cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

Dominant

A

most prevalent

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13
Q

Epistasis

A

describes how the effect of a gene mutation is influenced by the presence or absence of other gene mutations

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14
Q

Eukaryotic

A

organisms with cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

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15
Q

Expressivity

A

the degree to which a genotype is expressed as a phenotype

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16
Q

F1 Generation

A

the first generation of offspring that results from crossing two different parents

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17
Q

F2 Generation

A

the second filial generation of the F1 generation

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18
Q

Gain-of-function mutation

A

genetic lesion that causes the normal

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19
Q

Gene

A

basic unity of heredity passed from parent to child

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20
Q

Genotype

A

an organism’s complete genetic makeup or the alleles, or variants, of a specific gene

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21
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

22
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different versions of the same gene

23
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic information

24
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical versions of a gene, or allele, inherited from each biological parent

25
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

26
Q

Interphase

A

the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its’ life

27
Q

Lethal alleles

A

alleles that cause an organism to die, usually due to a mutation in a gene that’s essential for growth or development

28
Q

Loss-of-function mutation

A

a nonsense mutation that causes polypeptide chain termination during translation

29
Q

Maternal effect

A

when an organism’s phenotype is influenced by its’ mother’s phenotype and environment, in addition to its own genotype and environment

30
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce gametes or sex cells

31
Q

Metaphase

A

stage in mitosis or meiosis where chromosomes align in the center of the cell

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

small organelles found within the cells of most eukaryotes

33
Q

Mitosis

A

process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells containing a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell

34
Q

Organelle heredity

A

the inheritance of genetic information

35
Q

P generation

A

parental generation in genetic cross pollination experiments

36
Q

Penetrance

A

the extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of the individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype

37
Q

Phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an organism, including physical traits, development and behavior

38
Q

Principle of dominance and recessiveness

A

when an organism inherits two different alleles for a trait, the allele that is expressed (dominant) will mask the effect of the other allele (recessive)

39
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A

different genes separate independently during the development of reproductive cells

40
Q

Principle of segregation

A

describes how gene variants, or alleles separate into reproductive cells during meiosis

41
Q

Prokaryotic

A

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

42
Q

Prophase

A

first stage of cell division before metaphase during which chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears

43
Q

Recessive

A

traits that show up in offspring only when inherited from both parents

44
Q

Self-pollination

A

the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant

45
Q

Sex-influenced

A

characteristics that are present in both sexes, but are expressed differently depending on sex

46
Q

Sex-limited

A

traits or genes that are present in both sexes of a species but are only expressed in one sex

47
Q

Sex-linked

A

traits or disorders that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes which are the X and Y chromosomes

48
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere during cell division

49
Q

Telophase

A

the final stage of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells

50
Q

Testcross

A

a genetic cross between an organism with a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype

51
Q

Tetrad

A

group of four

52
Q

Wild-type allele

A

the most common allele found in a natural population and is considered the standard for a particular trait

Genetics Exam #1 Vocab (2 decks)

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