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Exercise Physiology > Exam #2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam #2 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Triglyceride

A

principle ingested lipid, composed of glycerol (carbon backbone) and attached fatty acids (acyl group)

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2
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

principle ingested lipid, composed of glycerol (carbon backbone) and attached fatty acids (acyl group)

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3
Q

Free Fatty Acids (FFA)

A

Non-esterified fatty acids that are unasscoaited with a triglyceride or glycerol molecule, typically long-chained

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4
Q

Fatty Acyl

A

Non-esterified fatty acids that are unasscoaited with a triglyceride or glycerol molecule, typically long-chained)

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5
Q

Bile Emulsification

A

smal intestine process of lowering lipid droplet surface tension by bile salts so dispersion occurs

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6
Q

Lipolysis

A

process of triglyceride breakdown (hydrolysis) into glycerol and fatty acids, opposite of esterification

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7
Q

Lipase

A

enzyme catalyzing triglyceride breakdown (pancreatic, lipoprotein, hormone-sensitive)

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8
Q

Chylomicron

A

lipoprotein generated in intestinal epithelium from dietary lipid, transported to blood via lymphatics

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9
Q

Very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL)

A

liver product, transports triglycerids to adipose and muscle to maintain circulating lipid

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10
Q

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

A

endothelial enzyme catalyzing lipolysis of circulating triglycerides (chylomicrons and VLDL’s)

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11
Q

Fatty acid activation

A

process of attaching a CoA to a fatty acid, required step for storage or oxidation at the cost of two ATP

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12
Q

Esterification

A

process of building a triglyceridefrom glycerol phosphate and fatty-acyl CoA, opposite of lipolysis

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13
Q

Glycerol phosphate

A

form of glycerol used in esterification of fatty acids, product of DHAP hydrogenation

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14
Q

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)

A

intracellular enzyme catalyzing lipolysis of stored triglycerides (adipost and muscle), has multiple stimuli

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15
Q

Albumin

A

blood plasma fatty acid transport protein produced by the liver

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16
Q

Fatty acid binding protein (surface)

A

membrane protein aiding fatty acid uptake across plasma membrane (FABPpm and sarcolemmal-FABP)

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17
Q

Fatty acid binding protein (cellular)

A

aids intracellular fatty acid transport (muscle-FABP)

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18
Q

Fatty acid translocase (FAT)

A

membrane-bound protein aiding in fatty acid transport, may work in conjunction with surface FABPs

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19
Q

Carnitine acyl-transferase I

A

outer-mitochondrial membrane enzyme, catalyzes acyl-carnitine formation (CAT I)

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20
Q

Carnitine

A

compound that helps transport fatty acids across the inner-mitochondrial membrane

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21
Q

Acyl-carnitine

A

Fatty acid form during transport across inner-mitochondrial membrane, product of CAT I

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22
Q

Carnitine translocase

A

inner mitochondrial protein shuttle that transports acyl-carnitine into and carnitine out of the matrix

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23
Q

Carnitine acyl-transferase II

A

inner-mitochondrial membrane enzyme, catalyzes acyl-carnitine dissociation (CAT II)

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24
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

series of four mitochondrial reactions catabolizing acyl-CoA (yields acetyl-CoA, NADH+, H+, and FADH2)

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25
Q

Acyltransferase

A

enzyme catalyzing esterificaiton (transfer of acyl groups onto glycerol phosphate), stimulated by insulin

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26
Q

Capillary density

A

concentration of capillary blood vessels per unit of muscle

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27
Q

Amino acid

A

organic compound comprised of an amine (NH3+) and carboxyl group (COO-), protein building block

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28
Q

Essential amino acids

A

amino acids not synthesized by the body, must be obtained from the diet

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29
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

equation relating dietary nutrition (protein) intake versus nutrition excretion

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30
Q

Transamination

A

reaction in which the amine group (NH3+) of an amino acid is transferred to a keto analog

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31
Q

Alanine

A

primary gluconeogenic amino acid, pyruvate amino analog released by skeletal muscle and taken up by the liver

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32
Q

Glutamate

A

Main skeletal muscle amino acid, involved in transamination with pyruvate, wundergoes liver deamination

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33
Q

α-ketoglutarate

A

kreb’s cycle intermediate, keto analog of glutamate

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34
Q

Glucose-alanine cycle

A

mechanism aiding in blood glucose homeostasis, released muscle alanine acts as gluconeogenic precursor

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35
Q

Oxidative deamination

A

liver mitochondrial matrix process that removes amine group from amino acid and yields NADH+ and H+U

36
Q

Urea

A

nitrogen metabolism byproduct of liver, excreted by kidney and sweat glands

37
Q

McArdle’s syndrome

A

glycogen storage disease due to muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency

38
Q

Absolute VO2

A

oxygen consumption expressed in L/min, indicative of metabolism (caloric energy expenditure)

39
Q

Relative VO2

A

oxygen consumption expressed in mL/kg*min, useful when comparing individuals of differing size

40
Q

Mass-specific VO2

A

oxygen consumption expressed in mL/kg*min, useful when comparing individuals of differing size

41
Q

VO2 max

A

maximal capacity to consume O2, indicative of cardiorespiratory fitness when expressed in mL/kg*min

42
Q

Cardiorespiratory fitness

A

term for VO2 max (aerobic or endurance capacity), can be an indicator of health or athletic potential

43
Q

Absolute exercise intensity

A

workload expression free of individual capacities (50 watts of power, 1.5 L/min VO2, 7 mph velocity)

44
Q

Relative exercise intensity

A

workload expression relative to an individual’s maximal capacity (%VO2 max, % of max power)

45
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

inadequate aerobic metabolism at start of exercise, anaerobic sources contribute to meet ATP demands

46
Q

Steady state VO2

A

period during exercise that ATP needs are being met exclusively by aerobic metabolism, constant VO2

47
Q

Excess post-exercise VO2 (EPOC)

A

O2 consumption elevated above resting levels after exercise, degree of which correlates with exercise dose

48
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

division of the nervous system that helps regulate involuntary body functions

49
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system division associated with the “fight or flight” response, opposes PNS

50
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system division associated with resting and digesting, opposes SNS

51
Q

Endocrine system

A

body system of ductless cells operating through hormones to help regulate body functions

52
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose level

A

70-100 mg/dl

53
Q

Catecholamines

A

class of chemical substances that includes the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and hormone epinephrine

54
Q

Norepinephrine

A

catacholamine neurotransmitter of the SNS, comprises ~20% of adrenal medulla output

55
Q

Noreadrenaline

A

catacholamine neurotransmitter of the SNS, comprises ~20% of adrenal medulla output

56
Q

Epinephrine

A

catecholamine hormone released by adrenal medulla upon SNS stimulation

57
Q

Adrenaline

A

catecholamine hormone released by adrenal medulla upon SNS stimulation

58
Q

Insulin

A

pancreatic beta-cell peptide hormone that acts to lower blood glucose level by facilitating tissue uptake

59
Q

Glucagon

A

pancreatic α-cell peptide hormone that acts to increase blood glucose level by facilitating liver production

60
Q

Growth hormone

A

pituitary peptide hormone that aids fuel mobilization, levels increase during long duration exercise

61
Q

Cortisol

A

adrenal cortex steroid hormone that aids fuel mobilization, levels increase during long duration exercise

62
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates, fibers will be uniform in characteristics

63
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

innate daily fluctuation of behavioral and physiologic function, related to 24-hour day/night cycle

64
Q

Type I muscle fiber

A

muscle cell characterized by high oxidative capacity, fatigue resistance, and slow contractile speed

65
Q

Slow twitch muscle fiber

A

muscle cell characterized by high oxidative capacity, fatigue resistance, and slow contractile speed

66
Q

Type IIa muscle fiber

A

muscle cell characterized by having properties that fall ebtween slow and fast twitch fibers

67
Q

Intermediate muscle fiber

A

muscle cell characterized by having properties that fall between slow and fast twitch fibers

68
Q

Type IIb muscle fiber

A

muscle cell characterized by high glycolytic capacity, high fatiguability, and fast contractile speed

69
Q

Fast twitch muscle fiber

A

muscle cell characterized by high glycolytic capacity, high fatiguability, and fast contractile speed

70
Q

Myoglobin

A

iron-containing intramuscular protein (structurally related to hemoglobin) that binds O2

71
Q

Myofibrillar ATPase

A

myosin enzyme that splits ATP allowing crossbridge action, different isoforms dictate contractile speed

72
Q

Myosin ATPase

A

myosin enzyme that splits ATP allowing crossbridge action, different isoforms dictate contractile speed

73
Q

Low/light exercise intensity

A

35-50% VO2 max (various paces of walking)

74
Q

Moderate exercise intensity

A

50-65% VO2 max (brisk walking to light, conversational-pace jogging)

75
Q

High/heavy exercise intensity

A

65-80% VO2 max (jogging to running)

76
Q

Splanchnic

A

pertaining to the abdominal viscera (gut)

77
Q

Interval training

A

exercise session containing shorter segments of high intensity bouts interspersed with recovery periods

78
Q

Exercise training specificity

A

concept that specific muscles activated and movements performed adapt/benefit during exercise training

79
Q

Muscle memory

A

term referring to branch of brain memory related to motor functions

80
Q

Motor memory

A

term referring to branch of brain memory related to motor functions

81
Q

Procedural memory

A

term referring to branch of brain memory related to motor functions

82
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase

A

kreb’s cycle enzyme, its activity is often used as an index of aerobic capacity

83
Q

Mixed diet

A

diet with standard combination of energy nutrients represented (55% CHO, 30% fat, 15% protein)

84
Q

Low vs. high carbohydrate diet

A

diets representing extremes in CHO intake (≤ 10% or ≥ 70%)

85
Q

Glycogen supercompensation

A

process in which “carbohydrate loading” produces maximal glycogen storage within skeletal muscle

86
Q

Exercise training taper

A

process of reducing exercise dose prior to competition in order to maximize recovery and performance

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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