Exam #2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Triglyceride
principle ingested lipid, composed of glycerol (carbon backbone) and attached fatty acids (acyl group)
Triacylglycerol
principle ingested lipid, composed of glycerol (carbon backbone) and attached fatty acids (acyl group)
Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
Non-esterified fatty acids that are unasscoaited with a triglyceride or glycerol molecule, typically long-chained
Fatty Acyl
Non-esterified fatty acids that are unasscoaited with a triglyceride or glycerol molecule, typically long-chained)
Bile Emulsification
smal intestine process of lowering lipid droplet surface tension by bile salts so dispersion occurs
Lipolysis
process of triglyceride breakdown (hydrolysis) into glycerol and fatty acids, opposite of esterification
Lipase
enzyme catalyzing triglyceride breakdown (pancreatic, lipoprotein, hormone-sensitive)
Chylomicron
lipoprotein generated in intestinal epithelium from dietary lipid, transported to blood via lymphatics
Very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL)
liver product, transports triglycerids to adipose and muscle to maintain circulating lipid
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
endothelial enzyme catalyzing lipolysis of circulating triglycerides (chylomicrons and VLDL’s)
Fatty acid activation
process of attaching a CoA to a fatty acid, required step for storage or oxidation at the cost of two ATP
Esterification
process of building a triglyceridefrom glycerol phosphate and fatty-acyl CoA, opposite of lipolysis
Glycerol phosphate
form of glycerol used in esterification of fatty acids, product of DHAP hydrogenation
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)
intracellular enzyme catalyzing lipolysis of stored triglycerides (adipost and muscle), has multiple stimuli
Albumin
blood plasma fatty acid transport protein produced by the liver
Fatty acid binding protein (surface)
membrane protein aiding fatty acid uptake across plasma membrane (FABPpm and sarcolemmal-FABP)
Fatty acid binding protein (cellular)
aids intracellular fatty acid transport (muscle-FABP)
Fatty acid translocase (FAT)
membrane-bound protein aiding in fatty acid transport, may work in conjunction with surface FABPs
Carnitine acyl-transferase I
outer-mitochondrial membrane enzyme, catalyzes acyl-carnitine formation (CAT I)
Carnitine
compound that helps transport fatty acids across the inner-mitochondrial membrane
Acyl-carnitine
Fatty acid form during transport across inner-mitochondrial membrane, product of CAT I
Carnitine translocase
inner mitochondrial protein shuttle that transports acyl-carnitine into and carnitine out of the matrix
Carnitine acyl-transferase II
inner-mitochondrial membrane enzyme, catalyzes acyl-carnitine dissociation (CAT II)
Beta-oxidation
series of four mitochondrial reactions catabolizing acyl-CoA (yields acetyl-CoA, NADH+, H+, and FADH2)
Acyltransferase
enzyme catalyzing esterificaiton (transfer of acyl groups onto glycerol phosphate), stimulated by insulin
Capillary density
concentration of capillary blood vessels per unit of muscle
Amino acid
organic compound comprised of an amine (NH3+) and carboxyl group (COO-), protein building block
Essential amino acids
amino acids not synthesized by the body, must be obtained from the diet
Nitrogen balance
equation relating dietary nutrition (protein) intake versus nutrition excretion
Transamination
reaction in which the amine group (NH3+) of an amino acid is transferred to a keto analog
Alanine
primary gluconeogenic amino acid, pyruvate amino analog released by skeletal muscle and taken up by the liver
Glutamate
Main skeletal muscle amino acid, involved in transamination with pyruvate, wundergoes liver deamination
α-ketoglutarate
kreb’s cycle intermediate, keto analog of glutamate
Glucose-alanine cycle
mechanism aiding in blood glucose homeostasis, released muscle alanine acts as gluconeogenic precursor
Oxidative deamination
liver mitochondrial matrix process that removes amine group from amino acid and yields NADH+ and H+U
Urea
nitrogen metabolism byproduct of liver, excreted by kidney and sweat glands
McArdle’s syndrome
glycogen storage disease due to muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
Absolute VO2
oxygen consumption expressed in L/min, indicative of metabolism (caloric energy expenditure)
Relative VO2
oxygen consumption expressed in mL/kg*min, useful when comparing individuals of differing size
Mass-specific VO2
oxygen consumption expressed in mL/kg*min, useful when comparing individuals of differing size
VO2 max
maximal capacity to consume O2, indicative of cardiorespiratory fitness when expressed in mL/kg*min
Cardiorespiratory fitness
term for VO2 max (aerobic or endurance capacity), can be an indicator of health or athletic potential
Absolute exercise intensity
workload expression free of individual capacities (50 watts of power, 1.5 L/min VO2, 7 mph velocity)
Relative exercise intensity
workload expression relative to an individual’s maximal capacity (%VO2 max, % of max power)
Oxygen deficit
inadequate aerobic metabolism at start of exercise, anaerobic sources contribute to meet ATP demands
Steady state VO2
period during exercise that ATP needs are being met exclusively by aerobic metabolism, constant VO2
Excess post-exercise VO2 (EPOC)
O2 consumption elevated above resting levels after exercise, degree of which correlates with exercise dose
Autonomic nervous system
division of the nervous system that helps regulate involuntary body functions
Sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system division associated with the “fight or flight” response, opposes PNS
Parasympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system division associated with resting and digesting, opposes SNS
Endocrine system
body system of ductless cells operating through hormones to help regulate body functions
Normal fasting blood glucose level
70-100 mg/dl
Catecholamines
class of chemical substances that includes the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and hormone epinephrine
Norepinephrine
catacholamine neurotransmitter of the SNS, comprises ~20% of adrenal medulla output
Noreadrenaline
catacholamine neurotransmitter of the SNS, comprises ~20% of adrenal medulla output
Epinephrine
catecholamine hormone released by adrenal medulla upon SNS stimulation
Adrenaline
catecholamine hormone released by adrenal medulla upon SNS stimulation
Insulin
pancreatic beta-cell peptide hormone that acts to lower blood glucose level by facilitating tissue uptake
Glucagon
pancreatic α-cell peptide hormone that acts to increase blood glucose level by facilitating liver production
Growth hormone
pituitary peptide hormone that aids fuel mobilization, levels increase during long duration exercise
Cortisol
adrenal cortex steroid hormone that aids fuel mobilization, levels increase during long duration exercise
Motor unit
motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates, fibers will be uniform in characteristics
Circadian rhythm
innate daily fluctuation of behavioral and physiologic function, related to 24-hour day/night cycle
Type I muscle fiber
muscle cell characterized by high oxidative capacity, fatigue resistance, and slow contractile speed
Slow twitch muscle fiber
muscle cell characterized by high oxidative capacity, fatigue resistance, and slow contractile speed
Type IIa muscle fiber
muscle cell characterized by having properties that fall ebtween slow and fast twitch fibers
Intermediate muscle fiber
muscle cell characterized by having properties that fall between slow and fast twitch fibers
Type IIb muscle fiber
muscle cell characterized by high glycolytic capacity, high fatiguability, and fast contractile speed
Fast twitch muscle fiber
muscle cell characterized by high glycolytic capacity, high fatiguability, and fast contractile speed
Myoglobin
iron-containing intramuscular protein (structurally related to hemoglobin) that binds O2
Myofibrillar ATPase
myosin enzyme that splits ATP allowing crossbridge action, different isoforms dictate contractile speed
Myosin ATPase
myosin enzyme that splits ATP allowing crossbridge action, different isoforms dictate contractile speed
Low/light exercise intensity
35-50% VO2 max (various paces of walking)
Moderate exercise intensity
50-65% VO2 max (brisk walking to light, conversational-pace jogging)
High/heavy exercise intensity
65-80% VO2 max (jogging to running)
Splanchnic
pertaining to the abdominal viscera (gut)
Interval training
exercise session containing shorter segments of high intensity bouts interspersed with recovery periods
Exercise training specificity
concept that specific muscles activated and movements performed adapt/benefit during exercise training
Muscle memory
term referring to branch of brain memory related to motor functions
Motor memory
term referring to branch of brain memory related to motor functions
Procedural memory
term referring to branch of brain memory related to motor functions
Succinate dehydrogenase
kreb’s cycle enzyme, its activity is often used as an index of aerobic capacity
Mixed diet
diet with standard combination of energy nutrients represented (55% CHO, 30% fat, 15% protein)
Low vs. high carbohydrate diet
diets representing extremes in CHO intake (≤ 10% or ≥ 70%)
Glycogen supercompensation
process in which “carbohydrate loading” produces maximal glycogen storage within skeletal muscle
Exercise training taper
process of reducing exercise dose prior to competition in order to maximize recovery and performance
