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Exercise Physiology > Exam #1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam #1 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the study of biological energy conversion
- the body needs to be able to convert energy to a usable form (ATP)

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

the simplest form of a sugar that makes up the building blocks of disaccharides and oligosaccharides
- glucose, fructose, galactose

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3
Q

Disaccharides

A

“double sugar,” two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage
- lactose: galactose and glucose
- maltose: glucose and glucose
- sucrose: glucose and fructose

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4
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

A reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule when two molecules join together via a glycosidic linkage
- occurs when two monosacchardies are joined together to form a larger dissacharide

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction that involves the breakdown of a compound with the help of a water molecule
- occurs when a disaccharide is broken down to two simplier monosaccharides

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6
Q

Starch

A

A digestable polysaccharide that is stored in the small intestine and has nutrient value
- examples: pasta, potatoes, wheat rice

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7
Q

Fiber

A

An indigestable polysaccharide that is stored in the small intestine and does not have nutrient value
- examples: veggies, fruits, nuts, grains

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8
Q

Triglyceride

A

The main constituent of fats made up of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid chains

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9
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

A chemical compound found predominantly in skeletal muscle where it stores phosphate to be used for short-term energy production

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10
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

A organic, high-energy compound that is the major source of energy for the body
- Nucleobase (adenine) + a ribose sugar + three phosphate group

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11
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

a reaction that occurs spontaneously and therefore favorably, releasing energy in the process
- example: ATP hydrolysis
- mechanism: ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi + free energy

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12
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

a reaction that does not occur spontaneously, and it uses energy in the process
- example: step 1 in glycolysis takes energy to add a phosphate group to glucose, which is coupled to ATP hydrolysis to make it spontaneous “coupling mechanism”

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13
Q

Q10 effect

A

physiological phenomenon in which a 10ºC increase in temperature leads to a doubling of the reaction rate
- why warming up is super important –> it increases efficiency of aerobic metabolism by allowing O2 and Hb to bind more productively

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14
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

type of metabolism that requires O2 and occurs in the mitochondria
- example: Krebs/TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

type of metabolism that can take place without O2
- example: glycolysis

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

Conceptual: sum of all energy converting/exchanging reactions in the body

Operational: rate of heat production by the body (kcal/min) which we can measure using calorimetry

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17
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

measurement in a closed system of the total energy expended by directly measuring the heat produced
- Pros: very accurate
- Cons: expensive, difficult to operate, not ideal, only valid if all heat produced is actually released

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18
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

measurement in an open system of an individual’s energy expenditure by measuring air during an aerobic activity
- Pros: reliable during rest and exercise
- Cons: anaerobic metabolism is ignored and doesn’t perfectly reflect cellular metabolism

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19
Q

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

A

VCO2 / O2 at the cellular level

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20
Q

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

A

VCO2 / O2 at the systematic/whole body level
- aka “non-protein RQ” because it is not possible to measure ATP production from proteins
- value increases with increasing exercise intensity as more CO2 is blown off

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21
Q

Calculation for Percent Fat Utilization

A

(1.0 - RER) / 0.3 * 100

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22
Q

Calculation for Percent Carbohydrate Utilization

A

100 - %Fat

23
Q

Caloric Equivalent of O2

A

amount of kilocalories expended per liter of O2 consumed
- values on provided table: trace RER to its caloric equivalent in kcal/LO2 consumed

24
Q

VO2

A

oxygen consumption (L/min)
- expressed graphically as %VO2, which refers to exercise intensity

25
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work (kcal)

26
Q

Work

A

Force (N) * distance (m)
- expressed as Nm, kcal, or joules

27
Q

Power

A

rate at which work is performed (watts, Nm/s, or J/s)
- P = work/time

28
Q

Ergometry

A

a form of measurement used to quantify work or power output during exercise
- caloric equivalents can be found using provided conversions
- two forms: cycle ergometry and treadmill ergometry

29
Q

Calculating Ergometry

A

(1) find force (F = ma)
- m = resistance of flywheel (cycle) or mass of subject (treadmill)

(2) find distance
- cycle: d = d in revolutions/min * total time
- treadmill: d = belt distance in m/min * minutes / % grade

(3) find work (W = Fd)

(4) find power (P = W/t)

30
Q

Mechanical Efficiency

A

percent of energy expended that appears as external work and is influenced by biomechanical skill, fiber type, exercise type, and resistance
- calculation: (caloric equivalent of P in kcal/min) / (rate of energy expenditure in kcal/min) * 100
- usually between 20-25%

31
Q

Glycolysis

A

anaerobic cellular respiration in which, at its most basic level, one molecule of glucose is broken down to two pyruvate molecules

32
Q

Glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from many molecules of glucose

33
Q

Glycogen Synthase

A

the main enzyme in glycogenesis that converts G6P to glycogen
- ATP inhibits glycogen synthase

34
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

35
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

enzyme in glycogenolysis that re-synthesizes G6P from glycogen

36
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids or other carbon skeletons

37
Q

Oxidation Reaction

A

reaction that loses elections and H+ in the product and gains oxygen atoms

38
Q

Reduction Reaction

A

reaction that gains elections and H+ in the product and C-C bonds

39
Q

Hexokinase

A

first glycolytic enzyme that converts glucose to G6P

40
Q

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A

rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that ultimately forms the pyruvate products in slow-acting glycolysis
- high AMP/ADP levels promote PFK

41
Q

Stage 1 of Glycolysis

A

INVESTMENT STAGE

(1) hexokinase reaction
(2) isomeric rearrangement (G6P to F6P)
(3) PFK reaction
(4) splitting of F-1,6,-BP to DHAP and 2 molecules of G3P

42
Q

Stage 2 of Glycolysis

A

ATP YIELDING STAGE

(1) oxidation of 2 G3P molecules
(2) phosphoglycerate kinase reaction
(3) pyruvate kinase reaction

4 ATP yielded per glucose molecule

43
Q

LDH Reaction

A

chemical reaction in which lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidation of lactate to form pyruvate, with the help of election carrier NAD+

44
Q

Pyruvate Kinase

A

glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the very last step in glycolysis (PEP to pyruvate) and generates a second ATP molecule in the second stage of glycolysis
- transfers phosphate group from PEP to ADP, forming ATP

45
Q

LDHh

A

isoform of lactate dehydrogenase with LOW affinity for converting pyruvate to lactate

46
Q

LDHm

A

isoform of lactate dehydrogenase with a HIGH affinity for converting pyruvate to lactate

47
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Reaction

A

aerobic reaction that occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
- pyruvate is decarboxylated to form acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO2

48
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

molecule that can participate in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism

49
Q

Krebs/TCA Cycle

A

aerobic cycle that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria yielding NADH and FADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation
- products: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2

50
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

site of oxidative phosphorylation within the inner mitochondrial membrance which is made up of a series of complexes that undergo redox reactions to couple election transfer with the transfer of protons from the matrix to the intermembrance space
- protons are used to power ATP synthase to produce high yields of ATP

51
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

process by which ATP is formed with the help of electron transfer from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers
- produces the most ATP from glucose metabolism
- generates between 30-32 ATP from 1 glucose molecule

52
Q

Glycerol/Phosphate Shuttle

A

shuttle system that oxidizes NADH to NAD+ with the help of DHAP in its reduction to G3P which CAN cross the mitochondrial membrane and carry NADH’s original elections along with it
- when G3P is inside the mitochondria, it can be oxidized back to DHAP and FADH is reduced to FADH2 for use in the ETC
- yields 1.5 ATP per FADH2

53
Q

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

A

shuttle system that oxidizes NADH to NAD+ with the help of OAA in its reduction to malate which CAN cross the mitochondrial membrane and carry NADH’s original electrons along with it
- when malate is inside the mitochondria, it can be oxidizes to OAA again and NAD+ is reduced to NADH for use in the ETC
- yields 2.5 ATP per NADH

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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